Chapter 12 Southern Europe

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Chapter 12 Southern Europe
Section Notes
Video
Impact of the Olympics on Athens
Physical Geography Greece Italy Spain and Portugal
Maps
Southern Europe Political Southern Europe
Physical Europe Climate Greece Population Spain
and Portugal Languages Southern Europe Spain and
Portugal Climate
Close-up
Mediterranean Climate
World Almanac
Per Capita GDP of Greece
Images
Geography Italian History The Renaissance Naples
Moorish Tower Focus on Culture Flamenco
Quick Facts
Chapter 12 Visual Summary
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Physical Geography

• The Big Idea
• The peninsulas of Southern Europe have rocky
  terrains and sunny, mild climates.
• Main Ideas
• Southern Europes physical features include
  rugged mountains and narrow coastal plains.
• The regions climate and resources support such
  industries as agriculture, fishing, and tourism.

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Main Idea 1Southern Europes physical features
include rugged mountains and narrow coastal
plains.

• Southern Europe is largely made up of three large
  peninsulas.
• Iberian Peninsula
• Italian Peninsula
• Balkan Peninsula
• Southern Europe also includes many islands. Some,
  such as Crete and Sicily, are very large.
• Because the peninsulas and islands all border on
  the Mediterranean Sea, the region of Southern
  Europe is also called Mediterranean Europe.

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Features of Southern Europe

• Landforms
• Rugged mountain ranges
• Pyrenees
• Apennines
• Alps
• Pindus
• Islands
• Coastal plains
• River valley plains

• Water Features
• Seas
• Mediterranean
• Adriatic
• Aegean
• Ionian
• Few large rivers
• Tagus
• Po

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Main Idea 2The regions climate and
resourcessupport such industries asagriculture,
fishing, and tourism.
Southern Europe is famous for its pleasant
climate.
Most of the region enjoys warm, sunny days and
mild nights for most of the year. Little rain
falls during the summer, but rain is more common
in the winter.
Geographers call the type of climate found in
Southern Europe a Mediterranean climate.
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Industries of Southern Europe

• The Mediterranean climate is ideal for growing
  many types of crops.
• Farmers plant citrus fruits, grapes, olives,
  wheat, and many other products.

Agriculture

• The seas of Southern Europe are full of various
  types of fish and shellfish.
• Fishing is a profitable industry.

Fishing

• Millions of tourists visit Southern Europe each
  year because of its mild climate.
• Sunny beaches and breathtaking scenery are also
  tourist attractions.

Tourism
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Greece

• The Big Idea
• The home of one of the Western worlds oldest
  civilizations, Greece is trying to reclaim its
  place as a leading country in Europe.
• Main Ideas
• Early in its history, Greece was the home of a
  great civilization, but it was later ruled by
  foreign powers.
• The Greek language, the Orthodox Church, and
  varied customs have helped shape Greeces
  culture.
• In Greece today, many people are looking for new
  economic opportunities.

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Main Idea 1Early in its history, Greece was the
home of a great civilization, but it was later
ruled by foreign powers.
Greece has been called the birthplace of Western
culture.
The ancient Greeks were pioneers in many fields
and made great achievements. They created great
art, designed amazing buildings, invented new
forms of literature, explored many fields of
science, and developed democracy.
In the 300s BC Greece became part of Alexander
the Greats empire. As a result, Greek culture
spread through Egypt and much of Southwest Asia.
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Later History of Greece
Foreign Rulers

• The Roman Empire conquered and ruled Greece.
• When the Roman Empire split around 400, Greece
  became part of the eastern half, the Byzantine
  Empire.
• The Muslim Ottoman Turks invaded Greece in the
  1300s and 1400s. At that time some elements of
  Greek culture faded.

Independence

• Many Greeks were not happy with Turkish rule. In
  the 1800s they revolted. With help, the Greeks
  won their freedom and became a monarchy.
• Greeces government has changed many times since
  it won its independence. It is now a democracy.

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Main Idea 2The Greek language, the Orthodox
Church, and varied customs have helped shape
Greeces culture.
Language

• Greek language
• One of the oldest languages spoken in Europe

• Most people belong to the Orthodox Church, a
  branch of Christianity that dates back to the
  Byzantine Empire.
• Religion is very important to most people.

Religion

• Greek cuisine uses local ingredients such as lamb
  and olives, plus recipes borrowed from people
  such as the Italians and Turks.
• Family is central to Greek culture.

Customs
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Main Idea 3In Greece today, many people are
looking for new economic opportunities.

• Life in Urban Greece
• About three-fifths of Greeces population lives
  in cities.
• Athens, the capital, is the largest city.
  One-third of all people in Greece live there.
• Athens is an industrial center.
• Industry has led to pollution, which damages the
  ruins and causes health problems.

• Life in Rural Greece
• Life in the country is very different from life
  in the city.
• Many people live in isolated mountain villages,
  as Greeks have for thousands of years.
• Rural Greeks grow crops and raise sheep and
  goats.
• Village life often centers around the village
  square, where people meet to chat and make
  decisions.

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The Greek Economy

• Greeces economy is growing rapidly, but the
  country faces some challenges to further economic
  growth.
• Few mineral resources
• Relatively little farmland
• Greeces shipping industry is one of the worlds
  most successful. It has one of the largest fleets
  of shipping vessels in the world.
• Tourism is another major industry.
• Millions of people visit Greece each year.
• Tourist attractions include ancient ruins,
  beaches, and islands.
• The Greek government has worked to increase
  tourism.

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Italy

• The Big Idea
• Once the center of a huge empire, Italy is now
  one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.
• Main Ideas
• Italian history can be divided into three
  periods ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and
  unified Italy.
• Religion and local traditions have helped shape
  Italys culture.
• Italy today has two distinct economic
  regionsnorthern Italy and southern Italy.

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Main Idea 1Italian history can be divided into
three periods ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and
unified Italy.

• Ancient Rome
• Founded in the 700s BC
• Formed empire that stretched from Britain to the
  Persian Gulf
• Famous for great art, literature, and political
  ideas
• Helped spread Christianity

• Unified Italy
• Italy was not unified as a country until 1861.
• In the 1920s Mussolini took power as a dictator.
  He led Italy into World War II.
• After the war Italy became a democracy.

• Renaissance
• Lasted from about 1350 through the 1500s
• Period of great creativity that began in Italy
  and spread through the rest of Europe
• Saw the creation of some of the worlds greatest
  works of art and literature

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Main Idea 2Religion and local traditions have
helped shape Italys culture.

• Most people in Italy belong to the Roman Catholic
  Church.
• In the past, the Catholic Church was the single
  most important influence in Italian culture.
• The pope, the spiritual head of the Roman
  Catholic Church, lives in Vatican City, an
  independent state located within the city of
  Rome.
• The importance of the Catholic Church in Italy
  can be seen in many ways
• Italian cities are filled with Catholic churches.
  Rome alone contains hundreds of churches from
  various periods of history.
• Religious holidays and festivals are major events
  in Italy.

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Italian Culture
Food

• Olives, tomatoes, rice, and pasta are common.
• Recipes vary widely from region to region.
• For example, in the south people often serve
  pasta with tomato sauces, while in the the north
  they serve creamier sauces.

Art

• Italy has been known as a center of the arts for
  centuries.
• Italian artists set trends that are followed all
  over the world.
• Italy has been home to some of the worlds
  greatest painters, sculptors, authors, composers,
  fashion designers, and filmmakers.

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Main Idea 3Italy today has two distinct
economic regionsnorthern Italy and southern
Italy.

• Northern Italy
• Strong economy
• Italys most fertile farmland is in the Po
  Valley.
• Major industrial centers Milan, Turin, and Genoa
• Tourists visit many northern cities, such as
  Florence, Pisa, and Venice.

• Southern Italy
• Poorer than the north
• Depends heavily on agriculture
• Tourists visit the regions beaches and ruins.
• Italys government is trying to promote industry
  in the south, especially in the city of Naples.

Italys capital, Rome, is in central Italy and
has ties to both the north and the south.
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Spain and Portugal

• The Big Idea
• Spain and Portugal have rich cultures, stable
  governments, and growing economies.
• Main Ideas
• Over the centuries, Spain and Portugal have been
  part of many large and powerful empires.
• The cultures of Spain and Portugal reflect their
  long histories.
• Having been both rich and poor in the past, Spain
  and Portugal today have growing economies.

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Main Idea 1Over the centuries, Spain and
Portugal have been part of many large and
powerful empires.
Both Phoenicia and Greece founded colonies in
Iberia, the peninsula on which Spain and Portugal
are located.
Iberia later became part of the Roman Empire.
The Moors, Muslims from North Africa, invaded
Iberia after Rome fell. They ruled the area for
about 600 years.
By the end of 1400s Christian rulers from Spain
and Portugal had banded together to drive the
Moors from Iberia.
Spain and Portugal built huge empires that
included lands in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the
Americas.
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Main Idea 2The cultures of Spain and Portugal
reflect their long histories.
Language

• Most people speak Spanish or Portuguese.
• Other languages, such as Catalan and Galician,
  are also spoken in parts of Spain.
• The Basque people of northern Spain have their
  own language and customs. Many of them want
  independence.

Religion

• Most people in Iberia are Roman Catholic.
• People gather to celebrate Christian holidays and
  saints festivals.

Music and Art

• Portuguese fados and Spanish flamenco are popular
  music styles.
• Muslim influence can be seen in much Iberian
  architecture.

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Main Idea 3 Having been both rich and poor in
the past, Spain and Portugal today have growing
economies.

• Spain and Portugal were once the wealthiest
  countries in Europe, thanks to gold and silver
  from the Americas.
• Spain and Portugal did not develop industrial
  economies like other countries in Europe because
  they were already rich.
• As Spanish and Portuguese colonies became
  independent, the source of gold and silver
  disappeared.
• Because they had not developed industrial
  economies, Spain and Portugal were unable to
  compete with other countries. As a result, they
  became poor.
• The economies of Spain and Portugal are growing
  rapidly, largely because of new industries such
  as tourism.

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Spain and Portugal Today

• Spain
• Spains government is a parliamentary monarchy,
  which means it is ruled by a king with the help
  of an elected parliament.
• Manufacturing is a major economic activity.
• Cities such as Madrid and Barcelona are centers
  of industry, tourism, and commerce.

• Portugal
• Portugal is a republic with elected leaders.
• Lisbon, the capital and largest city, is an
  industrial center.
• In rural areas, agriculture is still very
  important to the economy.
• Portuguese farmers are famous for growing grapes
  and cork.

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