Quote of the Day

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Quote of the Day

• The most important thing in the world is what
  people think and believe, and that the entire
  material organization of the world is the
  consequence of this. The human mind does not
  follow the physical laws of the universe. Take a
  briefcase. The more there is in it, the more
  difficult it is to stuff more into it. But the
  more we know about something, the easier it is
  for us to accumulate more knowledge about it.
• If this is so, what should College do?

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Project Feedback and Grading

• Individual grades on Name line
• Total score is original average
• Individual scores varied if 2 or more team
  members agreed
• 2nd Project turn in will double the variance
• No final for top two groups (they will finish
  the project if they like)

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Outline

• Last Week
• Hardware
• Today
• Software, Programming, and AI
• Objective expand vocabulary briefcase
• Wednesday LabHTML
• 15 tags, so please look over prior to the lab

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Current Event/Website

• Cinemanow.com
• Video on Demand
• Will this replace TV
• What are the advantages and disadvantages
• Napster issues
• Disposal Cell Phones Current Event
• Advantages?
• Uses?

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9
Software, Programming, and Artificial Intelligence
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Table 9.1IBMs Chess Computer Plays World-Class
Chess
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Chapter 9

• Types of Software
• Programming as Business Process
• Fourth Generation Languages

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Table 9.2Four Types of Software
Types of Software
WHAT IT ACCOMPLISHES Application software Tells
the computer how to perform tasks that structure
or automate specific steps in business processes
that apply only in specific settings End-user
software Tells the computer how to perform tasks
that support general business processes that
apply in many settings, such as writing memos or
performing calculations System development
software Helps analysts and programmers build
information systems System software Controls or
supports the operation of the computer system so
it can execute application software or end-user
software
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Table 9.2Four Types of Software
EXAMPLE Application software Billing system,
inventory system End-user software Word
processor, spreadsheet System development
software Compiler, DBMS, CASE system System
software Operating system, utility program
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Table 9.2Four Types of Software
EFFECT ON END USER Application
software Automates or structures specific steps
in business processes End-user software Hands-on
tools for the end user may be used to develop
small systems System development software No
direct effect helps technical staff produce
better infromation systems System
software Controls computer system operations so
that the end user can use it
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Table 9.2Four Types of Software
GENERALLY Application software Used for a
specific type of business process in a specific
business or group of similar businesses End-user
software Concerned with a general business
process that could apply in many firms System
development software Used to build a general
class of systems, such as business
applications System software Concerned with how a
computer operates, regardless of what business
problem it is solving
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Table 9.1Programming a translation process
Programming as Business Process
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Figure 9.2Decomposition into modules
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Figure 9.3Three control structures used in
structured programming
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Figure 9.3Three control structures used in
structured programming
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Figure 9.4From user requirements to executable
machine code
4th Gen Lang
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Figure 9.5Major concepts of object-oriented
programming
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Figure 9.5Major concepts of object-oriented
programming
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Figure 9.5Major concepts of object-oriented
programming
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Lab on Wednesday

• Introduction to HTML (using notepad)
• Tags
• Headings Rules
• Text formatting Lists
• Spacing Tables
• Character forms Hyperlinks
• Images
• On FrontPage 2000

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Key MIS 360 Concepts

• On your own paper, write down the three most
  important ideas you have learned in this class.

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Box 9.1Comparison of machine language and
assembly language
MACHINE LANGUAGE To program in this machine
language, one must specify the location of each
instruction, the numerical operation code, and
the location of the operand (the data item the
instruction uses). LI location of
instruction OC operation code LO location of
operand ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE To program in this
assembly language, one must specify the
operation code and the name of the variable.
Notice how the programmer had to make up a
temporary variable that was not part of the
business problem. OC operation code VAR
variable name
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Box 9.2Higher-level programming languages
FORTRAN COBOL PL/I BASIC PASCAL ADA C C Java
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Figure 9.6Comparison of programs in COBOL,
Basic, and C
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Figure 9.7Graphical representation of a
simulation
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Figure 9.8Using a pivot table to make
spreadsheets more flexible
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Figure 9.10Visualizing what computers can be
programmed to do
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Table 9.3Comparison of Practical Applications of
AI Research
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING AI issue
Understanding language Approach to intelligence
Use dictionaries, grammatical analysis,
statistical techniques, and situation-specific
knowledge if available. EXPERT SYSTEM AI issue
Understanding and reasoning about specific
situations Approach to intelligence Try to
capture and apply an experts understanding of a
type of problem through a set of rules about
reasoning. NEURAL NETWORK AI issue Learning how
to make a specific type of decision Approach to
intelligence Use statistical methods to learn how
to make good decisions by weighing various
aspects of a problem situation. FUZZY LOGIC AI
issue Reasoning method that avoids false
distinctions Approach to intelligence Perform
reasoning by weighting multiple rules that can be
posed using overlapping categories. CASE BASED AI
issue Reasoning based on similarity of
cases Approach to intelligence Compare past cases
to find the ones with greatest bearing on a
current situation. INTELLIGENT AGENTS AI issue
Exploring across a network to find desired
information Approach to intelligence Generate
automated processes that operate autonomously.
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Figure 9.11Basic components of an expert system
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Figure 9.12Forward chaining versus backward
chaining
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Figure 9.13Using neural networks
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Figure 9.13Using neural networks
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Figure 9.14Fuzzy variables, fuzzy rules, and how
they are combined
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Figure 9.15Logic of case-based reasoning
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