Lecture 15The Age of Dinosaurs

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Lecture 15 The Age of Dinosaurs Building the
Eltonian Pyramid The Long and Short of It
Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals Ascent of the
Dinosaurs Darwins abominable mystery The Rise
of Angiosperms
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Amniota
Tetrapoda
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lateral view
medial view
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Eltonian or Trophic Pyramid
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Charles Sutherland Elton (1900 - 1991)
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Eltonian or Trophic Pyramid
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• The Puzzle
• Amphibians are all Carnivores
• Pennsylvanian Reptiles are all carnivores
• Synapsids (e.g., Edaphosaurus ) are almost the
  only Carboniferous herbivores
• So what feeds the carnivores?

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• Where are the missing herbivores before the Late
  Permian (assuming Edaphosaurus not extremely
  numerous, which it does not seem to be)?
• Hypotheses
• The herbivores are all aquatic insects or fish,
  and the terrestrial vertebrate pyramid is
  supported by aquatic productivity.
• Arthropods are primarily detritivores, and energy
  flows Plant -gt detritus -gt insect detritivore -gt
  vertebrate carnivore
• (There is excellent evidence for an active
  detritivore community from the Devonian on
  including mites and various millipedes).
• A variant of 2. Arthropods are direct herbivores
  and terrestrial vertebrate carnivores are
  consuming insects.
• There is growing evidence that some late
  Paleozoic insects were herbivores with "piercing
  sucking" mouthparts to suggest direct feeding.

The three hypotheses are not mutually exclusive,
but none create a proper Eltonian pyramid
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What are the biogeochemical consequences?
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Carboniferous coal - West Virginia
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Feedbacks in the Carbon Cycle

• Negative feedback from temperature-dependent
  reaction rates
• Negative feedback from CO2 limitation
• Negative feedback from O2 excess

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Crowley and Berner, 2001
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Maps from http//www.scotese.com/
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Karroo
Cistecephalus zone (Late Permian)
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Glossopteris

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Typical Karroo Synapsids
Moschops
Kingoria
Lycaenops
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Inostrancevia and Scutosaurus by Kelly Taylor
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Scutosaurus and Inostrancevia (Walking with
Monsters, BBC, 2005)
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Diictodon Moscops
Billy de Klerk
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Diictodon and Inostrancevia (Walking with
Monsters, BBC, 2005)
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Eltonian or Trophic Pyramid
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Predator-prey ratios ( predators/prey)
You would expect predator-prey ratios for hungry
endotherms to be relatively low, because they
need a lot of prey to feed them.
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Feedbacks in the Carbon Cycle

• Negative feedback from temperature-dependent
  reaction rates
• Negative feedback from CO2 limitation
• Negative feedback from O2 excess

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Crowley and Berner, 2001
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Late Permian, Karroo basin
Lycaenops and a dead Endothiodon beneath a
Glossopteris tree
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Luann Becker
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Lystrosaurus
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Skeleton of Lystrosaurus
www.sec.state.la.us/MUSEUMS/SHREVE/
DINO-6-99/catalog/20.htm
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Billy de Klerk
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Lystrosaurus and Euparkeria (Walking with
Monsters, BBC, 2005)
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Thrinaxodon (baby)
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Thrinaxodon liorhinus
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Thrinaxodon by John Sibbick
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Reconstruction of Euparkeria
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Euparkeria capensis
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anterior view
lateral view
medial view
Pelvis of Euparkeria
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Euparkeria
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a, the dicynodont synapsid Ischigualastia b, the
advanced cynodont synapsid Probeslodon c, the
rhynchosaurian archosauriform Scaphonyx
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The rhynchosaur Scaphonyx
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The advanced cynodont Probeslodon
From Romer and Lewis, 1973
From Martinez Forster, 1996
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Proterocheris talmayensis From Rougier et al, 1995
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1 m
Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Skull of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, based
on Sereno and Novas (1993). af, antorbital
fenestra ltf, lower temporal fenestra mf,
mandibular fenestra na, nares o, orbit utf,
upper temporal fenestra.
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Stages of Interpretation of skull
of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Skull cleaned of matrix
Ink drawing of specimen
Full tone reconstruction of skull
From Sereno and Novas (1993)
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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The Herrerasaurus pelvis is shown in lateral view
with anterior being to the left. Abbreviations
are ac, acetabulum il, ilium is, ischium and,
p, pubis. Drawing is based on Novas (1993).
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ast, astragalus cal, calcaneum car, carpals
I-V, digits I through V. Manus modified from
Sereno (1993), and pes modified from Novas (1993).
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Plateosaurus skeletons
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Plateosaurus engelhardti
50 cm
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Fleming fjord Fm.
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Morganucodon sp.
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• What Makes a Mammal?

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Platypus  (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
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Short-Beaked Echidna  (Tachyglossus aculeatus) 
or Spiny Anteater
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• What Makes a Mammal?
• Warm blood
• Hair
• Milk

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• What Makes a Mammal?
• Double rooted teeth
• Dentary-squamosal jaw joint

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Alfred Sherwood Romer
1894-1973
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The Gar (Lepisosteus)
The Bowfin (Amia)
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Dimetrodon
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Thrinaxodon
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Didelphis
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Reconstruction of Eudimorphodon
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Doug Henderson
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Plateosaurus skeletons
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Neotermes castaneus castes
http//creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/termites/dampw
ood_caste.htm
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Termite Mounds
www.ags.uci.edu/eporter/ research.html
www.hat.net/.../6_amazon-jungle_in_rurre/
detail005.htm
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Drepanosaurus
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The Miracle Planet 1989 NHK
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From NASA in Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Horizon
Revisited, BBC, 2002
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When Dinosaurs Roamed America, Discovery
Channel, 2001
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Holzmaden
http//www.geologie.tu-clausthal.de/geo-server/Exk
ursion_Schwaebische_Alb_2001/schwaebalb.html
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Stenoptyergius megacephalus
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National Geographic
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Walking with Dinosaurs, Discovery Channel, 1999
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Dinosaur State Park, Rocky Hill, CT
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Brachiosaurus
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Barosaurus Allosaurus (AMNH)
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Seismosaurus
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Diplodocus (from Walking with Dinosaurs,BBC,
1999 )
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From Norell et al., 1995
Thescelosaurus (AMNH 5889)
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Stegosaurus
Denver Museum of Natural History
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Stegosaurus and Ceratosaurus from When
Dinosaurs Roamed America, Discovery, 2001
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Darwin, 1834
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Leptolepis
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Berlin Archaeopteryx
Found 1876
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Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
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Sinosauropteryx prima
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Xu et al., 2003
Microraptor gui
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Xu et al., 2003
Microraptor gui
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flowers
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flowers
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From Bakker, 1986
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Feedbacks in the Carbon Cycle

• Negative feedback from temperature-dependent
  reaction rates
• Negative feedback from CO2 limitation
• Negative feedback from O2 excess

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