Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2

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Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2

• The Empire in Transition

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AP Outline

• The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789
• The French and Indian War
• The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain
• The War for Independence
• State constitutions and the Articles of
  Confederation
• The federal Constitution

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Essay Topic 1

• Despite its precedent-setting character, the
  American revolt is noteworthy because it made no
  serious interruption in the smooth flow of
  American development.
• Both in intention and in fact the American
  Revolution conserved the past rather than
  repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial
  experience, the men of the first quarter of the
  Republic's history set the scenery and wrote the
  script for the drama of American politics for
  years to come.
• Assess the validity of this statement.

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Essay 2

• A salient feature of our Revolution was that its
  animating purpose was deeply conservative.
• The colonials revolted against British rule in
  order to keep things the way they were, not to
  initiate a new era. Assess the validity of this
  statement.

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Quiz Revolution

1. List 5 things Ben Franklin did before and during
   the Revolution
2. What were, and caused the Coercive or
   Intolerable acts?
3. Significance of the Battle of Saratoga
4. Treaty of Paris did what?
5. Explain 5 things associated with the Declaration
   of Independence

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• Zenger Case 1734- lawsuit brought against a
  journalist- for writing a critical editorial-
  Zenger was innocent- found that
• Paxton Boys- Pennsylvania frontiersmen demanded
  tax relief and help with the Indians-
• Significance showed growing discontent with
  British policies

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Colonies Before 1763

• "Salutary neglect-reduced gov- intervention in
  colonial affairs.
• Develop independently
• Freedom of Religion
• Commerce (Trade)
• Self Government
• All in an effort to support development of
  colonies (Colonies Develop/Population grows)

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Post French and Indian War 1763

• High expectations -Colonist felt they were ready
  to inhabit the newly acquired land-
• Peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of this good
  land.
• However Great Britain had other concerns.

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Proclamation Line 1763

• Settlers immediately begin to move West
• Pontiac- Ottawa Leader attacks and British make
  proclamation to limit Westward Movement
• Angered Virginia land speculators (GW)

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King George III- 1760 3 English Administrations

• Grenville 1763-
• Proclamation of 1763
• Mutiny Act or Quartering Act
• Naval enforcement of Navigation Acts
• New and Improved Customs Service
• Sugar Act 1764
• Currency Act 1764
• Stamp Act 1765
• Townshend 1767
• New York assembly disbanded
• Townshend Duties (new taxes on imports)
• Lead, paper, paint, tea
• Boston Massacre
• Committee of Correspondence

• Lord North 1770
• Quiet Period
• Committee of Correspondence
• Tea Act
• Boston Tea Party
• Coercive Acts- or Intolerable Acts
• Boston Port Act
• Massachusetts Government Act
• Administration of Justice Act

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King George III

• Wanted to reassert the authority of the monarchy
  over the colonies.
• Grenville Prime Minister, 1763
• Believed colonists should pay for share of the
  war
• Supported-Sugar Act, Currency Act, Stamp Act,
  Quartering Act and Admiralty Courts- to raise
  money and control the colonies.

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Tar and Feathers

• "Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and
  feathered"
• "First degree burns are sustained after a split
  second contact with a material that is about
  70 C (160 F). The same is also sustained after
  thirty seconds of contact with 55 C (130 F)
  material. The tar of that period was of such a
  quality that it only melted at about 60 C
  (140 F) but was often heated to higher
  temperatures. At temperatures of 60 C (140 F)
  burns can be created with a three second contact.
• Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the
  feathers would have to be peeled or rubbed off
  with lard, usually taking a good deal of skin
  with them. These would leave ugly scars and
  infection could set in. Depending on how
  "complete" the job was done, there was also a
  risk of heat stroke as the tar would act as a
  strong insulator and prevent the skin from
  breathing
• .As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose
  is to socially ostracize the victim. The hot tar
  scars and disfigures so the victim would be seen,
  wherever he went, to have suffered the
  punishment. The feathers serve to dehumanize the
  victim and expulsion from the community by
  carting or running him out of town completes the
  act. Riding a rail (especially the old
  sharp-edged triangular style) could cut and
  damage the crotch and impair the victim's ability
  to walk without pain. The agonized screams of the
  victim were typically drowned out by the noise of
  the crowd and the clanging of metal objects
  (pans, bells, etc.)."

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Navigation Laws NOW Strictly Enforced

• Restricted commerce to and from the colonies to
  English or American vessels. Iron Act/Molasses
  Act
• Certain "enumerated" articles like tobacco
  couldnt be shipped to any other foreign market
  except England, despite higher prices in other
  markets.
• All European goods going to America had to go
  through England first.

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George Grenville, new Prime Minister, sought to
enforce Navigation Acts

• Americans particularly angry about increased
  authority of Admiralty Courts that could now
• try smugglers
• tax evaders
• ship owners, and others accused  of violating
  commercial restrictions

• no trial by jury

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Timeline ActivityCreate a timeline that
identifies the key developments leading up to the
War for Independence- use separate colors to
symbolize British and Colonial/American actions

• Granville
• Stamp Act
• Quartering Act
• Sugar Act
• Admiralty Courts
• Admiralty courts

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• Did Parliament have a legitimate right to pass
  laws that affected the Colonies?
• Why or why not?

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Colonial Resistance

• Colonists begin to be united against new revenue
  measures
• The imperial government was imposing on
  traditional colonial powers
• Colonists resist-
• Virginia Resolves -Patrick Henry in the Virginia
  House of Burgesses declares colonists have the
  same rights as Englishmen,
• Only taxes voted on by colonial legislature area
  legal
• Was defeated
• legislatures, other colonies adopt similar
  resolutions

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Resistance

• Stamp Act Congress 1765
• Mass leaders called a meeting to discuss the
  stamp tax
• met in NY
• 9 colonies
• Created petitions to the King and Parliament for
  redress

• Sons of Liberty- violence begins to break out
• Popular unrest riots
• Boycotts of British goods

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Stamp Act Repealed 1766

• British bow to pressure from English merchants
  who are losing money from lack of trade
• Declaratory Act passed- stated that the
  Parliament had authority over colonies

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No Taxation without Representation

• Virtual Representation- concept that members of
  Parliament represented all of the subjects in the
  Empire.
• Actual Representation- idea that representatives
  come from the electorate

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Colonial Unity EmergesCommon Grievances Grow

• Northern Merchants upset about taxes and
  reduction in colonial manufactures
• Settlers upset about closing the West
• Southern Planters upset no land speculation and
  debts rising to English, prices rising
• Small Farmers upset at taxes
• Workers upset about fewer jobs and (manufacture)

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Charles Townshend- 1767 British Leader,
Chancellor of Exchequer

• British government- increases restrictions
• New taxes on imported goods
• To pay for Royal officials in colonies (by pass
  colonial legislatures
• Tea, lead, paint, paper
• Writs of Assistance- broad license to search
  individual homes/ no judge needed

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Townshend

• 1767- Dissolved the New York assembly for not
  complying with Quartering Act
• Massachusetts calls for more Unity of the
  colonies-
• Established Board of Customs to regulate
  trade/end smuggling
• Causes
• Colonists further resent- and unify against, with
  boycott of imports-
• repealed 1770 except tea

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Townshend Dies Lord North Replaces 1770

• Townshend Duties Repealed 1770
• Except Tea
• Popular resentment causes violence
• Royal representatives are harassed especially in
  MASS

• Troops are sent to Boston
• Tensions grow and an incident occurs 5 people
  shot by British soldiers
• Boston Massacre, March 1770
• Causes further resentment (propaganda)

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• Revere
• Engraving

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• Quiet period after Boston Massacre

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Committees of Correspondence

• In response to British new restrictions on the
  colonists-
• Sam Adams a patriot from Massachusetts,
• Committees write letters to create support
  against the British (UNITY)
• Later other colonies will participate in this
  Propaganda campaign.

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• Check the Link for Great Pictures

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Another Tea Act 1773

• To help the East India Company
• Tea is given free export from England and cheaper
  prices in the colonies but also, a monopoly for
  the company
• December 1773 Colonists still resent and dump tea
  in the Boston Tea Party- 90,000 lbs are dumped
• Unrest causes -? Intolerable Acts

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Lord North- Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts 1774

• Unrest causes Parliament to punish Massachusetts
• Closed Boston Harbor
• Reduced self government powers
• Tried to force division among the colonies
• Punish Mass for resistance
• Causes colonial UNITY by making Massachusetts a
  martyr

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Unity of Colonies supported

• Royal Governors begin to dissolve colonial
  assemblies
• First Continental Congress called in response to
  Coercive Acts, Sept. 1774
• Representatives from 12 colonies attend
• Petitioned the king for redress of grievances
• Created committees to prepare resistance
  (including armed)
• Kings government responds with repression, trade
  restrictions

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George III Responds with Military

• The New England governments are in a state of
  rebellion, blows must decide whether they are
  subject to this country or independent.
• April 1775- General Gage attempts to arrest Sam
  Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, and seize
  militia powder
• Paul Revere rides to warn them and the
  Minutemen
• Shot heard round the world begins the military
  phase of the rebellion.

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Second Continental Congress -- May 10, 1775

• All 13 colonies present
• Selected George Washington to head of the
  Continental Army.
• Adopted measures to raise money and to create an
  army and a navy

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Olive Branch Petition

• July 1775
• Second Continental Congress creates
• Pledges loyalty and asks king to intervene with
  parliament on behalf of the colonists.
• Protect their rights

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Did everyone want Independence?

• No
• Some Radicals Wash, Adams, Hancock, Franklin,
  were ready
• Most Americans were not ready in 1775
• The movement toward independence increases in 1776

• Reasons for Radicalization
• Cost of War and lives
• British enlist slaves
• British enlist indians
• British use Mercenaries
• Naval blockade
• Common Sense

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Thomas Paine

• See ppt Declaration of Independence and Common
  Sense

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The War

• May 1775 Ticonderoga, Fort Captured on Canada
  Frontier
• Bunker Hill June 17, 1775, Colonists inflict
  massive casualties on British attack, but must
  retreat.
• 18,000 Hessians (German mercenary soldiers) hired
  by King to support British forces
• Americans failed to successfully invade Canada in
  Oct. 1775

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Declaration of Independence, 1776 

• See ppt Declaration of Independence and Common
  Sense

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Declaration of Independence

• What did the Declaration of Independence say?
• How is the Declaration of Independence organized?
• What do you have to do?

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How is the Declaration of Independence organized?

• The Document is divided into four parts
• Preamble announces the reasons for the document,
  explains why colonists chose to separate from
  England
• Political Principles a section identifies the
  ideas underlying the rights of the people, John
  Lockes ideas

• The Declaration the statement that these 13
  colonies are now independent
• Complaints the document lists the unfair acts
  perpetrated by the British Government

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Loyalists

• Loyalists ("Tories") about 20 of the American
  people
• About 80,000 Loyalists fled the colonies.
• 50,000 fought for the British

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How did Americans pay for the war?

• Congress had no authority to levy taxes on the
  people
• Requisition to states
• Sold bonds- gave troops certificates to be
  redeemed after the war.
• Issued paper money inflation
• Borrowed large amounts of money form other
  nations- France, Netherlands

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British and the War

• Advantages
• Navy
• Best equipped army
• Resources of and empire
• Coherent command structure

• Disadvantages
• 3000 miles from home
• Not enough of Popular support
• Leadership mistakes

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3 phases of the War

• Phase I
• 1775 Bunker Hill
• 1776 March Brits evacuate Boston
• Late 1775-early 76 Americans invade Canada

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Phase II

• Washington and 19,000 troops retreat to New
  Jersey
• Hessians chase him and occupy Jersey
• Christmas 1776 GW takes Trenton then Princeton
  then retreats again
• Brits invade North and South cut colonies in two

• Mid-Atlantic Region July 1776-78
• Gen. Howe and 32,000 British soldiers invade New
  York kick out Washington take lots of American
  prisoners

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Phase II part 2

• Brandywine Sept. 1777 Washington defeated
• Germantown Oct 1777 Washington defeated
• Burgoyne comes down from Canada
• Big battle at Saratoga Oct. 1777
• Burgoyne defeated surrenders 5000 men
• Horatio Gates American Hero
• Led directly to French support of the American
  revolution

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Indians and Revolution

• Iroquois Confederacy declare Neutral
• But
• Mohawk
• Senecca
• Cayuga
• Support Brits
• Will later flee to Canada
• Confederacy ends

• Oneida
• Tuscarora supported the Americans

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Why is Washington seen as a the Indispensable
Man

• He survived and inspired the troops to stay
  through to the end of the war.

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Why did the Americans Win?

• Didnt give up!
• Fighting on their home territory-
• Guerrilla unconventional war-
• France helped- Navy, , Troops
• The Marquis de LaFayette
• Compte Rochambeau
• British quit- too much money, too difficult to
  win.

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The Revolution turned into a world war that
stretched Britains resources. attrition

• Franco-American Alliance, 1778
• Spain and Holland entered in 1779.
• In 1778, Britain again changed its strategy
  focused on former Southern Colonies
• Battle of Yorktown last major battle of the war
• Oct. 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered
  entire force of 7,000 men War continued one more
  year (especially in the South) 

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Treaty of Paris

• Treaty of Paris of 1783  Britain formally
  recognized
• US independence
• US boundaries
• Mississippi in the west,
• the  Great Lakes in the north, and to
• Spanish Florida in the south
• Over 250,000 American soldiers fought 10 who
  fought died largest of any American war in
  history
• Most of the fighting was done by the poorest
  Americans Young city laborers, farm boys,
  indentured servants, and sometimes slaves

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Cincinnatus

• Cincinnatus' Reputation Cincinnatus was
  considered a model of Roman virtue. He was a
  farmer above all, although when called to serve
  his country he did so without question -- briefly
  and without ambition.

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Washington Story

• Shortly after the peace was signed, the
  revolutionary war hero Ethan Allen, had occasion
  to visit England, where he was subjected to
  teasing and banter. The British would make fun
  of the Americans and General Washington in
  particular. One day they got a picture of
  General Washington and displayed it prominently
  in the outhouse so Allen could not miss it. When
  he made no mention of it, they asked him if he
  had seen the Washington picture. Allen said, he
  thought that it was a very appropriate place for
  an Englishman to keep a picture of Washington.
  There is nothing that will make an Englishman
  shit so quick as the sight of General Washington.

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Women and the War

• Camp Followers
• Their hair falling, their brows beady with the
  heat, their belongings slung over one shoulder,
  chattering and yelling, in sluttish shrills as
  they went.
• Cooking, laundry, and nursing
• Molly Pitcher

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Womens Rights

• Abigail Adams- sends a note to husband John Adams
  about the time of the Declaration
• In the new code of laws which I suppose it will
  be necessary for you to make, I would desire you
  would remember the ladies and be more generous
  and favorable to them than your ancestors.

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Women in Colonial and early US

• Virtually no rights
• Unmarried women had some rights to own property
  and enter contracts
• Married Women
• Could not own property
• Could not earn independent wages
• Everything belonged to the husband
• No legal authority over children
• Could not write will- no legal transactions
• Most states could not obtain a divorce

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Republican Motherhood

• Children will be instructed by mothers
• Principles of liberty
• Virtues of Republican Citizenry

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State Constitutions

• Written plans for governments (not like English
  constitution)
• Power of Executive must be limited
• Limit veto
• Disallowed ability to dissolve legislature
• Separation of Powers- Executive and Legislative
• Bicameral 2 houses upper and lower
• Property requirement for voting

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Slavery in Post War America Holding a Wolf by
the Ears

• In State Constitutions where slavery was weak
  abolished slavery
• New England and Pennsylvania

• In South
• Racist Assumptions- white supremacy inferiority
  of blacks
• Economic Investment
• No alternative
• Social consequences of freeing slaves