ICOGS RPM

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Earth Sciences Sector (ESS) Hyperspectral
Product Needs
K. Staenz Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
January 24, 2005
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Earth Sciences Sector (ESS) Hyperspectral
Product Needs
Content

• Earth Sciences Sector (ESS)
• Key Priorities
• ESS Needs from HERO
• Hyperspectral Sample Products
• HERO Mission Requirements
• Summary

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Earth Sciences Sector

• Canadas national ST agency for geoscience and
  geomatics - NRCans largest sector Geological
  Survey of Canada, Geomatics Canada (Canada Centre
  for Remote Sensing, Mapping Services Branch,
  Legal Survey Division), Polar Continental Shelf
  Project, GeoConnections, Climate Change Impact
  and Adaptation Directorate
• Issues-, outputs- and outcomes-driven
  organization aligned with the Governments
  priorities
• Working towards supporting informed policy and
  decision-making

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What Are the Earth Sciences?

• Two principal components geoscience and
  geomatics
• Geoscience understanding of the Earths surface
  and sub-surface landmass (including off-shore
  continental shelf)
• Geomatics research, development application
  of information technologies to collect, store,
  analyze, present, distribute and manage
  spatially-referenced information for decision
  making

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ESS Delivers on Key Government Issues

• A Clean Environment
• Clean Water
• Climate Change
• Toxic Substances
• National Parks

Innovation
Skills and Learning

• Strong and Safe Communities
• Public Safety
• Transportation Safety
• National Security and Sovereignty

• Aboriginal Peoples
• Economic and Social
• Opportunities

EARTH SCIENCES SECTOR

• Connecting Canadians
• Building Canadas Knowledge
• Infrastructure

• Development of the North
• Economic and Social Growth

• Sustainable Development
• of Natural Resources
• Resource Management
• Land-use Management
• Alternative Energy

• Trade and Investment
• Increase Competitiveness

• Creating and Sharing
• Opportunities Globally
• International Development

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ESS Information Needs from HERO

• ESS provides the basic knowledge needed for sound
  decision-making in support of mineral and oil and
  gas exploration, environmental assessment, and
  land-use planning. It provides a national focus
  for acquisition and interpretation of data and
  produces a wide variety of maps for all of
  Canada.
• It is important to have as broad an area coverage
  from HERO as is possible (in combination with a
  spatial resolution of 20 to 30 m).
• Operationally, HERO will provide detailed mineral
  and rock unit and environmental information not
  possible from any other sensor.
• HERO information will substantially reduce
  mapping costs, mineral exploration costs, and
  environmental monitoring and assessment costs.

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Sample Hyperspectral Product Areas

• Important product areas
• Geological mapping
• Mineral/oil and gas exploration
• Enviromental monitoring
• - Mine site reclamation
• - Ground water
• Not shown Arctic vegetation mapping, disaster
  monitoring of earthquakes, volcanoes, fire, etc.
  
• Research required for sensor correction,
  analysis, algorithm development, and accuracy
  assessment.
• We have shown that hyperspectral sensing produces
  valuable information for earth sciences. Large
  scale proof of concept tests using airborne data
  in the north are now being done.

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Facts Mining and Mineral Industry

• Canada is one of the largest mining nations in
  the world.
• Mining and mineral processing industries
  contributed 41.1 billion (4.1 of GDP) and
  389,000 jobs to the Canadian economy in 2003.
• Exploration and deposit appraisal expenditures
  totaled 686 million in 2003.
• Canadian companies also have interests in mineral
  exploration around the world, representing 61 of
  global equity raised for exploration and mining.

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Geological Mapping in the North

• There are 1,728 1100K scale maps required to
  cover North of 60 degrees (Yukon, NWT, Nunavut)
  gt 6000 HERO scenes, each 30km x 55km
• Current mapping method would require 80 years to
  complete a comprehensive mapping for Nunavut and
  would cost approximately 530 M.
• Within the lifetime of HERO, the full Arctic will
  be acquired. This would allow NRCan to decrease
  the number of field transects. This would reduce
  the mapping costs by approx. 33 (175 M for
  Nunavut alone).

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Example 1 Geological Mapping South Baffin
Hyperspectral
Traditional Map
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Example 2 GeologicalMapping North Baffin
Simulated 32-m Probe-1, 29-July-99, Nanisivik,
Nunavut
128 Band Data Cube
Cross Section A-A
4 Endmember Rock Map
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Mine Site Reclamation

• An estimated 26 000 orphaned and abandoned mines
  across Canada
• 3 - 5 billion in estimated liability for
  problems resulting from acid mine drainage
• Extensive disruption of critical habitat areas
• Presence of toxic and sometimes radioactive
  wastes can pose immediate health risks to nearby
  communities through dust dispersal and surface
  and groundwater contamination
• Tailings indicators (e.g., extent of tailings,
  extent of vegetation, land reclaimed, location
  and extent of acid waste, etc.)
• Liability overseas for Canadian companies which
  own mines and facilities in other countries.
  (e.g. tailing pond failure such as the one in
  southern Spain)

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Example 1 Reclamation of Abandoned Mines
Baseline Map (2001)
Time Series Maps (2003, ..)
Set Thresholds to determine zones
Map Overlay
Difference Map
INDICATOR Area of Orphaned/ Abandoned Mine
Reclaimed
spectral unmixing of hyperspectral image data to
produce cover maps of tailings, live
vegetation, dead vegetation
Example Rehabilitation at KamKotia
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Example 2 Acidity Mapping
More Acidic
Less Acidic
Indicator Acidity relate mineral fractions to
known pH values, based on literature and field
measurements
spectral unmixing of hyperspectral image data to
produce cover maps of minerals on tailings
surface
PYRRHOTITE
isolate minerals with high oxidation potential
Example Copper Cliff Tailings, Sudbury, ON
Probe-1 Airborne Hyperspectral
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Example 3 Impacts of Mining Activity on
Surrounding Environment (SO2 emission
Canopy Liquid Water Content (g cm-2) derived from
Hyperion data
1 914 000
F
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Mineral Exploration

• Base metals, precious metals, diamonds, etc.
• Mineral exploration industry has shown that with
  hyperspectral sensing, they obtain a 5x increase
  in the number of identifiable exploration
  targets. This greatly improved accuracy and
  substantially increases the efficiency of finding
  commercially viable mineral occurrences.
• Much of Canadas mineral exploration is
  concentrated in the north.
• Hyperspectral sensing has become the tool of
  choice for the mineral exploration industry.

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Red Lake, ON Minerals associated with alteration
halos
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ESS HERO Mission Requirements

• Excellent data quality (well-calibrated sensor,
  high SNR)
• Timely data acquisition
• Large area coverage as possible specifically
  for the north
• 30-m GSD adequate
• 10-nm spectral resolution
• Open data policy (similar to that of Landsat)
• Reflectance data product
• Distribution of desired product within 2 weeks
  (emergency 2 days)

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Summary

• The Earth Science products obtainable from HERO
  include geological mapping, mineral/oil and gas
  exploration, and related environmental monitoring
  and assessment.
• Improvements in resource information from HERO
  can lead to large benefits for Canada.
• ESS of NRCan is planning to use HERO data to meet
  its operational mandates.

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Mine Site RehabilitationCopper Cliff, Sudbury, ON
Linear spectral unmixing results from spaceborne
and airborne hyperspectral imagery
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Example 2 Acid Mine Drainage Copper Cliff,
Sudbury (ON)
R1
Probe-1 RGB
Probe-1 5-m Data
Hero Simulated 20-m Data
R1
1
A
R2
R1
R3
CD
M1
INDICATOR Location and Extent of High Acid
Generating Waste (jarosite melanterite)
Q
R4
P
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Example 1 Mine Site Rehabilitation Copper Cliff,
Sudbury, ON
Vegetation Cover
Monitoring of Reclamation in Q P Tailings Areas
at Copper Cliff Mine
1996 1998
1999
0 Cover 100
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Vegetation Mapping in the Arctic
Airborne Hyperspectral Data
1
0
1.5km
arctic willow
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Earth Sciences Innovation System
Government

• Earth Sciences Sector
• data, information knowledge
• professional technical services
• skills learning
• technologies and tech. transfer

Industry
Academia
Stakeholders

• Geomatics
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Spatial reference systems
• Spatial analysis
• Land and hydrographic surveying
• Mapping and charting

• Geoscience
• Mineral and energy exploration
• Geotechnical engineering natural hazards
• Environmental services
• Hydrogeology
• Ocean (seafloor) mapping

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HERO for NRCan (2)

• AVIRIS imagery acquired in 2002 is typically
  defined as having a SNR of 10001. SNR standard
  for AVIRIS is 50 reflectance target at 23.5
  solar zenith angle.
• HERO standard is 30 reflectance for 30 degrees
  solar zenith angle.
• To translate, a 10001 SNR AVIRIS is equal to
  5671 SNR HERO.

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Mine Site MappingPotential for SD Indicators

• Quantify information on progress in the
  achievement of broadly accepted goals and
  objectives
• National Scale means of communicating progress
  over time towards sustainability in the mineral
  sector as a whole
• Regional Scale allow provincial/municipal
  governments to demonstrate progress on the ground
  to evaluate success of legislation and local
  rehabilitation initiatives (i.e. provincial SO2
  emissions control, Ontario Abandoned Mine
  Rehabilitation Program)
• Local Scale tool for site managers to present
  information to regulatory agencies and
  environmental site assessments decision-support
  for site management (i.e. site closure plans,
  acid mine drainage abatement)
• Indicators can be used to evaluate socioeconomic
  impacts (i.e. costs of reclamation with relation
  to success rate)

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Mine Site MappingIdentification of Indicators

• NRCan Minerals and Metals Indicators Initiative
  (MMI)
• 3-year collaborative process to develop set of
  indicators for SD in mining sector
  (social/economic/environmental)
• SDKI Subset of Environmental Indicators