20052006 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1
2005/2006MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
2. Integrated waste management

• Zoltan Illes with contribution from Aleg Cherp
• Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy

2
The summary of problems

• Increasing quantities of MSW
• Rising costs of MSW disposal
• Increasing environmental impacts of MSW disposal
• Social conflicts resulting from MSW disposal

3
Vicious circle of MSW management
Increased disposal costs
Industrialization of waste management
Stricter laws
Public distrust of large companies NIMBY attitudes
Pressure on the authorities
4
Definition of waste
Toxic
Smelly
Combustible
ToxicNon-recyclableSmellyDoes not burn
Recyclable
Non-toxic
Non-recyclable
5
Integrated Waste Management (IWM) principles

• Waste is not a substance, but an art (of mixing
  different substances) MSW consists of different
  components which need to be handled in different
  ways
• No miracle solutions A combination of
  technologies should be used to manage the MSW
  stream these technologies should be considered
  in accordance with the hierarchy of IWM and in
  integration with each other
• Avoid costly mistakes MSW management should be
  based on strategic long-term planning and
  flexible enough to meet future challenges
• Everyone is part of the problem and should be
  part of the solution Early involvement of all
  stakeholders is a key to a successful IWM strategy

6
Integrated Waste Management hierarchy
Source Reduction
Recycle/Compost
Landfill
Incinerate
7
IWM planning process
Setting up decision-making and management
framework
Evaluating the current MSW problem
Evaluating options for MSW management
Foster public education and involvement
Financial aspects of MSW management
MSW management plan, implementation, monitoring
Evaluating new options for MSW management
8
Simplified decision-making and management
framework for IWM

• MSW Task Force involving key actors
• Representative and executive governments
• Communities and NGOs
• Environmental and public health authorities
• Leaders of largest waste generators
• Waste collection, disposal and recycling
  industries
• Media
• Children

Monitoring and control arrangements
Implementation structures (e.g. municipal
enterprises)
9
Evaluating the current situation

• Especially important when designing modern waste
  management technologies
• MSW assessment should be fit for purpose
  (general vs. specific data)
• Information to be collected
• Define the waste shed
• Quantities and characteristics of waste (how many
  categories?)
• Sources of waste
• Current methods of waste management (collection,
  disposal, transportation)
• Trends in the above
• Methods of collecting information
• Analogies with similar communities
• Using existing data from waste management
  businesses
• Sampling of the actual waste stream
• Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques (in developing
  countries)

10
Waste composition in Hungary (courtesy Tamas
Dienes)

• 35 organic
• 20 paper
• 8 plastic
• 6 glass
• 3 metal
• 28 other

This is what can be recycled 37
11
Utilization of MSW in Hungary (courtesy Tamas
Dienes)
12
Landfilling in Hungary (courtesy Tamas Dienes,
2000)

• 2700 (official) landfill sites
• 30 meet some of the basic environmental
  requirements
• 70 do note meet any of them
• (located at environmentally sensitive areas,
  hazardous waste is landfilled, not guarded, no
  insulation etc. )

13
Remaining landfill capacity in the USA
14
Evaluating waste management options

• Legal framework
• Political settings
• Economic and Fiscal Considerations
• Expenditures and revenues
• Market analysis
• Financing options (credits, investments, grants,
  etc.)
• Institutional factors
• Environmental factors (EIA or SEA)

15
Collection and transportation of waste

• Often the most costly component of the MSW
  management system
• Environmental impacts of collection, transfer
  stations and transportation are often comparable
  to environmental impacts of MSW disposal
  facilities
• Factors to consider type of containers,
  frequency, collection of unusual items, personnel
  safety, the need for and design of transfer
  stations

16
Waste management options (1) waste reduction

• Generate less waste
• Introduce reusable items
• Generate waste which is easier to manage
• Less toxic
• More easily recyclable
• Supported through
• Economic incentives (waste charge, refund
  schemes)
• Legislation
• Awareness raising and education

17
Waste management options (2) recycling and
composting

• Start with pilot projects
• Support separate waste collection through
• Providing separate collection options (drop-off
  or curbside)
• Imposing legal and economic incentives (for
  recycling and composting)
• Promoting awareness and education
• Developing secondary materials markets
• Technical support to marketing recycled products
• Financial incentives to recycling enterprises
• Public procurement of recycled products

18
Who is willing to recycle?

• In Pennsylvania
• 31 are prepared to recycle at any cost
• 46 are prepared to recycle if it is convenient
  and if somebody else recycles
• 21 would recycle if they are forced to or if it
  is profitable
• 2 will NEVER recycle
• In Russia
• Up to 85 participated in pilot recycling in
  S-Petersburg
• Up to 40 wanted to recycle in a town in the Urals

19
Key principles of recycling programmes

• Start small and gradually increase awareness,
  improve expertise and develop markets
• Involve communities early and meaningfully
• Use NGOs
• Establish an information campaign with clear
  messages
• Start with yourself
• Do not discredit the programme by failures to
  collect recyclables or actually recycle them
• Conduct ongoing evaluation and communication
• Involve children

20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Waste management options (3) landfills and
incinerators

• Plan in integration with recycling and source
  reduction programmes
• Ensure public participation in siting and
  permitting
• Monitor implementation of all technical conditions

27
Integration of MSW management options
Recycling / composting
Enhancing caloric value reducing toxic
properties of waste
Reducing volume obnoxious properties of waste
Waste reduction
Capacity for ash disposal
Incineration
Landfill
Reduction in volume and obnoxious properties of
waste
28
Private vs. public MSW management services

• Private services
• Save public money
• May provide more efficient services
• Not publicly accountable
• May easily monopolise and overcharge citizens
• May disregard social and environmental aspects

• Public services
• Demand public funds
• May be less cost-efficient
• Possible to standardize equipment, etc.
• Susceptible to political interferences
• May be cheaper for citizens
• If well managed may provide more socially and
  environmentally acceptable options

29
Summary of tools for implementing IWM

• Laws and regulations
• Set up environmental standards for waste
  management facilities
• Forbid certain practices, types of waste
• Establish mandatory recycling
• Planning
• Administrative structures
• Education and awareness raising
• Economic incentives and instruments
• Flat or differentiated waste collection fee
• Encouraging investment in recycling (incl.
  through subsidies and tax breaks)
• Public procurement of recycling materials (e.g.
  bid preference)

30
Framework Waste Management Directive in Hungary
(courtesy Tamas Dienes)

• accepted in May 2000
• needs additional 35 (ministerial or governmental)
  decrees for its proper implementation
• recycling should reach 15, and ...
• composting should reach 50 of the landfilled
  organic waste by 2005

31
Some options for waste collection fees

• No fee (included in general municipal tax)
• Flat fee per person or household
• Fee per single collection (e.g. in Budapest) of a
  waste bin
• Fee per unit of volume of waste (e.g. bag)
• If the amount of waste exceeds certain amount
• Differentiated fee for recyclable/non-recyclable
  waste
• Fee for only certain types of waste

32
Effect of a differentiated waste tax

• 0.8 per waste bag (ca. 100l) was introduced in a
  university town
• the volume of garbage reduced by 37
• the weight of garbage reduced by 14
• the weight of recycled material increased by 16
• the rest of the reduction was most likely due to
  illegal dumping (burning, dumping in commercial
  dumpsters, dumping in rural areas)
• Poor household suffered more from the
  introduction of the differentiated waste tax

33
Waste charge in Budapest(courtesy of Tamas
Dienes)

• Bin collection is the basis of the fee (one
  collection of a 110 litres bin costs HUF 240)
• In Budapest prices has risen up by 17
• Humusz (NGO) opinion
• amount of waste should be the basis
• high prices enables illegal dumping sites as
• control is weak
• collecting company is 100 owned by Bp.M. - no
  interest in waste reduction

34
Conclusion

• Municipal waste management is similar to many
  environmental issues in that it cannot be handled
  by a single magic technology. MSW problems can
  be solved by a holistic approach, considering
  environmental, social and economic aspects,
  within rational, informed and participatory
  framework.