Basic Nanotechnology

1
Basic Nanotechnology

• Commercial Activity

2
Mystery of Life Sciences

• When we remember we are all mad
• the mysteries of life disappear and life stands
  explained.
  
• -Mark Twain

3
Life

• Perspective
• Atom 0.1 nm
• DNA (width) 2 nm
• Protein 5 50 nm
• Virus 75 100 nm
• Materials internalized by cells
• Bacteria 1,000 10,000 nm
• White Blood Cell 10,000 nm

4
Life

• Biopharmaceutics
• Drug Delivery
• Drug Encapsulation
• Functional Drug Carriers
• Drug Discovery
• Implantable Materials
• Tissue Repair and Replacement
• Implant Coatings
• Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
• Structural Implant Materials
• Bone Repair
• Bioresorbable Materials
• Smart Materials
• Implantable Devices
• Assessment and Treatment Devices
• Implantable Sensors
• Implantible Medical Devices

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants
• Cochlear Implants
• Surgical Aids
• Operating Tools
• Smart Instruments
• Surgical Robots
• Diagnostic Tools
• Genetic Testing
• Ultra-sensitive Labeling and
• Detection Technologies
• High Throughput Arrays and
• Multiple Analyses
• Imaging
• Nanoparticle Labels

5
Life

• Biopharmaceutics
• Drug Delivery
• Drugs need to be protected during their transit
  to the target site in the body while maintaining
  their biological and chemicals properties.
  
• Some drugs are highly toxic if they decompose
  during their delivery.
  
• The drug delivery material must be compatible and
  bind easily with the drug, and be either
  metabolized or eliminated via normal excretory
  routes.
• The production process must not degrade the
  drug, and be cost effective.
  

6
Life

• Drug Encapsulation - Tuberculosis

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences /
Department of Physics
Harvard University
7
Life

• Drug Encapsulation

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences /
Department of Physics
Harvard University
8
Life

• Drug Delivery

9
Life

• Drug Delivery

10
Life

• Implantable Materials - Implant Coatings
• Catheters, heart valves, artificial hips
• Implants confuse the cells responsible for tissue
  regeneration and causes the body to react as if
  it had encountered foreign material.
  
• The body's natural response to foreign material
  is to wall it off with scar-like tissue. This
  reaction can disrupt device performance.
  

11
Life

• Implantable Materials - Implant Coatings

A layer of desired proteins is spread over a
smooth surface like mica. The proteins and mic
a are then coated with a thin layer of sugar
molecules, which in turn is covered with a
Teflon-like polymer coating. The coating is th
en peeled off the mica and dipped into a solution
to dissolve the proteins. This leaves behind a
polymer coating containing sugar-lined pits in
the exact shape of the specific proteins.
12
Life

• Implantable Materials - Tissue Regeneration
  Scaffolds
  
• Burns 1um pores

A is sponge-like collagen matrix provides an
"open scaffold" structure, which permits dermal
cells to migrate into and throughout the sponge
and to deposit human collagen and
glycosaminoglycans (human skin "biomatrix"). The
open pores allow the patients wound bed
fibroblasts to migrate in and rebuild the tissue.
13
Life

• Implantable Materials - Bone Repair
• Hydrocel
• chemical vapor
• deposition

14
Life

• Implantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials

15
Life

• Implantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials
• Scanning electron micrograph
• of human osteoblast cells
• attaching within a pore of
• a Bioglass porous foam
• Professor Julia Polak, DirectorImperial College
  Tissue
  
• Engineering Regenerative
• Medicine Centre

16
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials

17
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials

A fiber made of biodegradable memory plastic used
to tie a smart suture. After forming a loose kno
t, the ends of the suture are fixed when heated.
18
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials

Ray Baughman
19
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials
• Drug pumps
• Artificial muscles
• Guide wires

20
Life

• Implantable Sensors
• CardioMEMS microchip that could be implanted in
  the body to transmit information about blood flow
  and pressure wirelessly.

21
Life

• Implantible Medical Devices
• Coatings
• Sensors
• Drug other delivery
• Primarily MEMS

Medtronic, Inc
22
Life

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants

23
Life

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants

Makoto Ishida Department of Electrical Electron
ic Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
24
Life

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants

Makoto Ishida Department of Electrical Electron
ic Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology
25
Life

• Cochlear Implants
• Coatings (rejection/infection)
• Finer electrode arrays
• Better on board signal processing

26
Life

• Smart Instruments
• can learn individual preferences and tendencies
  to provide automated assistance, thereby acting
  as an "intelligent assistant"
  
• i.e. biochips

27
Life

• Surgical Robots
• Scales the surgeon's hand into precise
  micro-movements at the operative site.
  

28
Life

• Ultra-sensitive Labeling and
• Detection Technologies
• Electrical impedance measurements of the live
  microorganism, Listeria innocua, injected into
  the chip demonstrate an easy method for detecting
  the viability of a few bacterial cells.
• Rafael Gómez, D. Akin, Rashid Bashir, School of
  Electrical and Computer Engineering
  
• T. Huang, M. Ladisch, Department of Agricultural
  and Biological Engineering
  
• T. Geng, A. Bhunia, Department of Food Sciences
• Purdue University

29
Life

• High Throughput Arrays and
• Multiple Analyses
• Affymetrix arrays hold over 500,000 DNA probe
  locations within 1.28 square centimeters
  

30
Life

• Imaging
• Nanoparticle Labels
• analytical electrophoresis
• colorimetric labels enzymatic diagnostic
  procedures
  
• DNA array testing
• Clinical DNA assays for drug efficacy
• Clinical DNA assays for nucleotide polymorphisms
• common DNA sequence variations among individuals
• Clinical DNA assays for multifactorial disease

Chad A. Mirkin Department of ChemistryNorthweste
rn University
31
Life
Market Size 68 billion Watch Agenda Partek
Celera Agilent Calipertech Mikrotechnik
Aclara Affymetrix Arraying Biodiscovery
Genelogic Molecular-sensing Rii Axon Nan
ogen Lumicyte
32
Life

• 454 CORPORATION
• Accelrys Inc.
• ADVANCED MAGNETICS, INC.
• ADVECTUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC.
• Advion BioSciences Inc.
• ALCATEL Micro Machining Systems
• Alnis BioSciences, Inc.
• American Pharmaceutical Partners, Inc.
• AMERSHAM BIOSCIENCES
• ANSON NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) Co. LTD.
• APPLIED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, INC.
• ARGONIDE CORP.
• ARTIMPLANT AB
• ASYLUM RESEARCH
• ATOMIC FORCE FE GmbH
• BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION
• BAYER CORP.
• BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc.
• BioForce Nanosciences, Inc.

CANTION A/S Capsulution NanoScience AG CELL ROBO
TICS INTERNATIONAL INC. Competitive Technologies,
Inc. CYTIMMUNE SCIENCES, INC. Dendritic Nanotec
hnologies Limited DYNAL BIOTECH ASA Eiffel Techn
ologies Limited ELAN CORPORATION, PLC Emergency
Filtration Products Inc. ENGENE OS, INC. EnviroS
ystems, Inc. Evident Technologies, Inc. F. HOFFM
ANN-LA ROCHE LTD. FERX, INC. Flamel Technologies
, Inc. GENEFLUIDICS GENICON SCIENCES CORP. GENO
RX GILEAD SCIENCES IMEDD INC. IMPLEX CORP. Inn
ovative Micro Technology INSERT THERAPEUTICS, INC
. INSTITUT STRAUMANN AG INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEMS,
INC. ISOTRON CORPORATION ItN Nanovation GmbH JP
K INSTRUMENTS AG
KnowmTech, LLC LIPLASOME PHARMA A/S METALLICUM L
LC MICROCHIPS MICROMOD PARTIKELTECHNOLOGIE GMBH
MOLECUBOTICS, INC. NANO-X GmbH NanobacLabs
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NANOBIO CORPORATION NanoBi
oMagnetics, Inc. (NBMI) NanoCarrier Co., Ltd. NA
NODELIVERY, INC. Nanofilm Technologie GmbH NanoG
ram Devices Corporation NANOLYTICS, INC. NANOMED
PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NANOMEDICA INC. NANOMEDIC
A, INC. NANOMEDX GmbH NANOMIX INC. NANOPHARM AG
Nanoprex, Inc. NanoPro Corp. NANOPROBES, INC.
NANOSCALE COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS,
INC. NANOSPECTRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. NANOSPHERE, I
NC. NANOSTREAM INC. Nanostructures, Inc.
Nanotherapeutics, Inc. NANOTYPE GmbH NOVAGEN, IN
C. NP NANOPRODUKTER AB NPOINT, INC. NPR HEALTHC
ARE ODYSSEY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ORTHOVITA, INC
. OXFORD BIOSENSORS LTD. OXONICA, LTD. PHARMASE
Q, INC. Picoliter Inc. POTENTIA PHARMACEUTICALS
Power Paper Ltd. PROLUME LTD. (NANOLIGHT
TECHNOLOGIES) PROTEOME SYSTEMS PROTIVERIS pSivi
da Limited QinetiQ Group PLC Quantum Dot Corpora
tion Quantum Insight QUANTUM LOGIC DEVICES, INC.
QUANTUM POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES RELAB AG Robiobot
ics, LLC SCHERING AG SENSE PROTEOMIC LIMITED SK
YEPHARMA SOLEXA LTD. Solubest Ltd.
SPHERICS, INC. STAR INC. STARPHARMA GROUP SuNyx
Surface Nanotechnologies GmbH
Surface Logix, Inc. SURROMED, INC. Syrrx Inc. T
AKARA BIO INC. (TAKARA HOLDINGS INC.)
TARGESOME, INC. TECAN GROUP AG Teragenics, Inc.
Thales Nanotechnology Ltd Triton BioSystems,
Inc. U.S. Genomics Velbionanotech WESTAIM BIOME
DICAL CORP. ZEPTOSENS AG ZYOMYX, INC. ZYVEX COR
PORATION
33
Break
34
Basic Nanotechnology

• Commercial Activity

35
The Future

• The future,
• according to some scientists
• will be exactly like the past
• only far more expensive.
• -John Sladek

36
The Future

• Pundits vs. Science
• Intel will be manufacturing devices by 2007 with
  feature sizes about 20 nanometers across.
  
• A red blood cell is on the order of 10,000
  nanometers across.
  
• In 2 dimensions we could stack about 250,000
  components in the same space as a red blood
  cell.
  
• If the trends continue as far as 2017, which may
  be the end-point of Moores Law we could be
  looking at a manufactured device the size of a
  red blood cell with 256,000,000 components.
• If we add the third dimension, that could
  translate into 65,536,000,000,000,000
  components.
  
• Somewhere along the way, were talking about the
  raw technical capability to produce a rather
  sophisticated robot small enough to wander around
  through your body doing whatever it has been
  programmed to do.
• If we make the robot 1/10,000th the volume of a
  red blood cell, were still talking about
  655,360,000 components, which is arguably perhaps
  enough to embody this machine with the ability to
  think, move, and do whatever we have programmed
  it to do.

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The Future

• What do we need?

38
The Future

• What do we need?
• Power Systems
• Locomotion Systems
• Control Systems
• Sensor Systems
• Actuator Systems
• Disposal Systems

39
The Future

• Power Systems

40
The Future

• Batteries

41
The Future

• Thermoelectric

42
The Future

• Solar

78 atoms record is 58
43
The Future

• Steam

44
The Future

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Hongyun Wang

45
The Future

• Brownian Motors

46
The Future

• Locomotion Systems

47
The Future

• Legs

48
The Future

• Wings
• Dicopomorpha echmepterygis 0.139 mm

49
The Future

• Rockets
• TRW

50
The Future

• Tails

51
The Future

• Control Systems

52
The Future

• Micro processor

53
The Future

• Analog Control

54
The Future

• Qubit

55
The Future

• Sensor Systems

56
The Future

• Vision

57
The Future

• Chemical Gradient

olfactory nerve fibers from the garfish
58
The Future

• Atomic Force

59
The Future

• Actuator Systems

60
The Future

• Erosion

61
The Future

• Genetic

62
The Future

• Assembler

DNA replication operates at a rate of
approximately 180,000 atomic assemblies per
second with an error rate that is astonishingly
low. The standard mole weighs about 0.012 kilog
ram (about .4 ounce ro4 carbon) and contains
about 6 X 1023 atoms. 600,000,000,000,000,000,0
00,000 atoms. With an assembly rate of 180,000 a
toms per second, the high-speed assembler in DNA
could make half an ounce of something in about
105,699,306,612 years. If the atoms dont stick
together.
63
The Future

• Disposal Systems

64
The Future

• Taggant

Code M0929F5Size 75-150 microns
65
The Future

• Biodegradation

66
The Future

• Scavenging

67
Other Futures
computing manufacturing life sciences aerospace
and defense
68
Other Futures
computing
69
Other Futures
manufacturing
70
Other Futures
life sciences
71
Other Futures
aerospace and defense
Grey Goo Blue Goo
72
Other Futures
? Any sufficiently advanced technology is indisti
nguishable from magic.
- Arthur C. Clark
73
Thank you
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