Ship Design

1
Ship Design Engineering
2
Introduction

• Principles of ship design
• Basic ship structure, including forces
• Ship structural elements
• Compartment Numbering
• Submarine Design
• Piping Systems Coloring

3
Basic Design Considerations

• Operation Employment
• Mission task or job ship is designed to perform
• Armament measure of offensive defensive power
  of ship
• Protection features designed to thwart or
  minimize destructiveness of enemy attack
• Maneuverability rapid course/speed changes
• Cruising range distance a ship can travel at
  cruising speed without refuel/reprovision

4
Basic Design Considerations

• Structural design seaworthiness
• Stability ability of ship to return to an
  upright position when heeled over
• Displacement measured in tons of water
• Freeboard vertical distance between top of hull
  and water line
• Hull shape
• Beam

5
Basic Forces Acting on Ships

• Stress
• Load per unit area (psi)
• Tension, compression, shear, torsion
• Strain
• Deformation per unit length
• Longitudinal Bending
• Sagging
• Hogging

6
Stress

• Defn load a member is carrying per unit area
  (psi)

• Types
• Tension axial stress exerted by pulling
• Compression axial stress exerted by pressure on
  ends
• Shear equal but opposite forces at right angle
• Torsion stress caused by twisting motion

7
Strain

• Defn the distortion/deformation per unit length
  as a result of stress
• Measured in inches per inch (in/in)

8
Sagging

• Condition where ship is supported more at its
  ends
• Compression of main deck
• Tension of the bottom/keel

9
Hogging

• Condition where ship is supported more in its
  middle
• Tension of main deck
• Compression of bottom/keel

10
Ship Structural Elements

• Keel
• Centerline backbone of ship
• Runs the length of the ship
• Framing
• Ribs of ship, provide structural strength -gt
  define form of ship
• Types
• Transverse (extend outward from keel)
• Longitudinal (parallel to keel, run length of
  ship)

11
Ship Structural Elements

• Bottom
• Cellular region comprised of keel framing
• Plating
• Skin over framework -gt rectangular steel plates
  welded together

12
Ship Structural Elements

• Decks
• Floors of a ship (sometimes called levels)
• Horizontal partitions that form tiers
• Main deck is uppermost complete deck
• Bulkhead
• Walls of a ship
• Horizontal partitions that form compartments
• Can either be structural or non-structural
  (joiner)

13
Ship Structural Elements
14
Ship Structural Elements

• Doors
• Passage between spaces on SAME level
• Can be Water-Tight (sealed with dogs)
• Individually acting v. Quick-acting
• Hatches
• Passage between spaces on DIFFERENT levels
• Most are water-tight boundaries

15
Compartment Numbering

• System used for ships built after 1949
• 4 main parts
• Deck
• Frame
• Compartment
• Use

ex 5 32 0 E Deck Frame Compartment Use
16
Compartment Numbering

• Deck
• Meaning Space is located on this deck
• Upper levels are 01,02 successively from main
• Main deck is 1
• Lower decks are 2,3,4 successively from main

17
Compartment Numbering

• Frame
• Meaning Forward boundary of compartment is on
  or immediately aft of this frame number
• Sequential number given to transverse frames fore
  to aft

18
Compartment Numbering

• Compartment
• Indicates position of compartment relative to
  centerline
• Centerline compartments are 0
• Numbers follow in succession from centerline
  outboard
• Even numbers for Port side (2,4,6, )
• Odd numbers for Starboard side (1,3,5, )

6 4 2 0 1 3 5
Port Centerline Starboard
19
Compartment Numbering

• Use
• Letter that designates primary use of the space
• Examples
• A Supply Storage
• C Control (ship control or fire control)
• E Engineering
• F Fuel tank
• L Living
• M Ammunition
• T Trunk
• V Void
• W Water tank

20
Submarine Design

• Hull (made of HY-80 or HY-90 steel)
• Watertight envelope designed to resist
  submergence pressure at CRUSH DEPTH
• Inner hull (pressure hull)
• Outer hull (non-pressure hull)

21
Pressure Hull

• Single hull design
• US submarines
• Quieter
• Larger interior volume
• Double hull design
• Russian submarines
• Easier to manufacture
• Ability to absorb damage

22
Submarine Design

• Structural Members
• Similar to surface ship but rounded for submarine
  hull shape and THICKER
• All levels have expansion joints (varying
  submergence pressures)

23
Submarine Appendages

• Plane surfaces
• Fairwater
• Bow
• Stern
• Rudder
• Sail and superstructure
• Free-flood area

24
Material Selection

• Cost
• Weight
• Durability
• Steel normally used because of strength
• Aluminum and other alloys for corrosion
  resistance
• Ease of manufacturing

25
Piping Valve Numbering Systems

• White
• Yellow
• Purple
• Dark Gray
• Light Gray/Tan
• Blue
• Light Blue
• Orange

• Steam
• Oil
• JP-5
• HP Air
• LP Air
• Chillwater
• Feedwater
• Hydraulics

• Numbering system for valves similar to that for
  compartments (ie MS-1, MS-2, etc.)

26
Questions, Comments, Concerns?