EFFICIENCY, LEGITIMACY, IMPACT

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EFFICIENCY, LEGITIMACY, IMPACT

• Robert Horvitz
• ?
• Director
• OPEN SPECTRUM FOUNDATION
• Amsterdam/Prague

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• 1. SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY
• Using the least amount of spectrum to deliver
  the greatest amount of information
• Erlangs/MHz/km2 (voice)
• MBits/MHz/km2 (data)

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Spectrum Efficiency

• Bandwidth Efficiency
• Amount of information transmitted in a span of
  frequencies
• Usually expressed in bits per Hz.
• Frequency Re-use
• Using same span of frequencies at several
  locations simultaneously
• Cellularity, antenna directivity, polarization,
  encoding
• Systems that are bandwidth efficient tend to have
  poor frequency re-use characteristics
• Time-sharing
• TDMA, listen-before-talk

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• 1a FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY
• The extent to which spectrum use fulfills
  specific practical needs

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Private Mobile Radio (PMR) vs. Cellular/GSM

• GSM more technically efficient but less
  functionally efficient than PMR
• PMR
• Always-on/instant connectivity
• important for short calls
• Group chat
• Low-cost infrastructure
• Fixed operating cost (no per-minute charges)
• 100 users can share a single PMR voice channel vs
  40 for GSM (but GSM capacity improving/expandable)

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• BROADCAST EFFICIENCY
• Using the least amount of spectrum to reach the
  largest audience
• Cable is most efficient
• Satellites more efficient than terrestrial
• Compressed digital more efficient than analog
• Shared towers more efficient than solos
• Trade-off between number of channels and output
  power (coverage area) per transmitter

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• ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
• Creating the most economic value with
• the least costly inputs

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Economic Efficiency

• Technical efficiency - creating the most output
  with the least input (equipment, capital, labor,
  other resources including spectrum)
• Allocative efficiency cost to user equals the
  marginal cost of production
• Distributive efficiency goods are distributed
  in such a way that there are no further gains
  from trading

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• MODAL EFFICIENCY
• Using the simplest or least-costly
  infrastructure to deliver the widest variety of
  informational formats
• Digital broadband - convergence

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• Modeling The Efficiency Properties Of Spectrum
  Management Regimes
• by Carol Ting, Steven S. Wildman, Johannes M.
  Bauer - Michigan State University, 2004

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Needed for an efficient spectrum market

• Large number of buyers and sellers
• to create competition and choice
• Clearly defined spectrum rights for buyers
  sellers
• Free entry and exit to the secondary markets
• Fungibility of spectrum
• Relevant information available to all buyers and
  sellers
• A mechanism to bring buyers and seller together
  and facilitate the transaction with reasonable
  administrative costs and time delay.

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LEGITIMACY

• Those who are part of agencys operating
  environment accept the agencys right to do what
  it does

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Why does it matter?

• Legitimacy is a source of strength. The
  agencys effectiveness, and even its survival,
  depends on establishing its legitimacy. This is
  especially true of a new regulatory agency, and
  especially difficult for new agencies since
  legitimacy is usually accumulated gradually...
• ---ECTA Regulatory Scorecard

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Regulatory Impact Assessments (RIA)

• The process of systematically estimating the
  costs and benefits of a proposed regulation, in
  order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency
  of adopted regulations.
• At the beginning of 2001, regulators in 20 of 28
  OECD countries routinely performed RIAs...
  although not in the same way

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• When introducing measures which significantly
  affect trade in accountancy services, Members
  shall endeavour to provide opportunity for
  comment, and give consideration to such comments,
  before adoption...
• ---WTO Council for Trade in Services, 1998
  Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in the
  Accountancy Sector

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• Robert Horvitz
• bob_at_openspectrum.info
• OPEN SPECTRUM FOUNDATION
• Amsterdam/Prague
• http//www.openspectrum.info/