Preserve Design

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Preserve Design
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1.Acadia (ME) 2.Arches (UT) 3.Badlands (SD) 4
.Biscayne (FL) 5.Bryce Canyon (UT) 6.Canyonlan
ds (UT) 7.Capitol Reef (UT) 8.Colonial Williams
burg (VA 9.Ellis Island (NY) 10.Everglades (FL
) 11.Glacier (MT) 12.Glen Canyon-Lake Powell (
AZ) 13.Grand Canyon (AZ) 14.Grand Teton (WY)
15.Great Smoky Mountains(TN)
16.Hawaii Volcanoes (HI) 17.Kings Canyon (CA)
18.Mount Rainier (WA) 19.Mount Rushmore (SD) 20.
Olympic (WA) 21.Rocky Mountain (CO) 22.Sequoia
(CA) 23.Shenandoah (VA) 24.Statue of Liberty
(NY) 25.Waterton Lakes (CAN) 26.Yellowstone (W
Y) 27.Yosemite (CA) 28.Zion (UT)
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Saturation
Curve through New Guinea and nearby Kei islands
Closed circles - more distant islands
of expected of species if lying on saturation
curve
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Yellowstone Grizzlies

• Needs 50-90 for viable population
• Takes 1000-13500 km2

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Extinction parameter (k)

• Land bridge islands in the West Indies
• Extinction vs. island size
• Prediction for Barro Colorado island 16-17

dS/dt kS2
k for Birds on Land Bridge Islands in the West
Indies
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Mammal species lost since Park establishment
Park Mammal species lost
Bryce Canyon 5 36 Mount Rainier 7 32
Rocky Mountain 2 31 Yosemite 4 25 G
rand Teton/Yellowstone 1 4
Lassen Volcanic 6 43 Kootenay/Banff/Jasper/Y
oho 0 0
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Reasons for Large Size

• Larger S than a single smaller reserve
• Slower rate of relaxation
• Some habitats can only exist on larger fragments
• Small perimeter compared with area - less edge
  effect
  
• Required to support larger predators, or species
  that rely on seasonal or patchy resources
  
• Withstand variations in nutrient flow or
  pollution insult
  
• Less sensitive to disturbance - maintains high
  species richness
  
• Ensures that succession will lead to a range of
  habitats
  
• Support poor dispersers
• Allows predators to move between unoccupied
  patches for prey

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Reasons for Small Size

• More combinations - time of arrival
• Large edge effect may accommodate more species
  that prefer edges.
  
• May be more prone to disturbance
• The possibilities of landfall for a migrant may
  be greater on a spread of small islands.
  
• If different species go extinct on different
  islands, smaller islands will between them hold a
  large number of species.

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Small preserves

• Simberloff and Abele -series of small preserves
  may be better
  
• entire group less susceptible to large
  catastrophe
  
• may allow survival of competitors
• might be better for preserving a range of rare
  and scattered habitats.

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Hawaiian Islands(Quinn and Harrison (1988)
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For Single Species Preservation

• Large reserves have several advantages
• Fewer chance extinctions because of large
  population sizes.
  
• Less likely to be destroyed by major
  environmental events like floods or fire.
  
• Will support larger populations less prone to a
  loss of genetic variability.

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Items to consider

• Habitat heterogeneity
• Edge effect (linear vs. spherical)
• Immigration possibilities (proximity of other
  reserves)
  
• Corridors
• Inbreeding in small populations

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Design of Preserves

• Extinction
• lower
• higher

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Common algorithms used

• Greedy or richness based
• Initially adds the site containing the most
  species
  
• Continues moving down site list
• Rarity based
• Chooses sites in order of the rarity of the
  species they contain
  
• Good at getting minimum number of sites
  representing all species in given locale