CiteSearch: Multi-faceted Fusion Approach to Citation Analysis

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CiteSearch Multi-faceted Fusion Approach to
Citation Analysis

• Kiduk Yang and Lokman Meho
• Web Information Discovery Integrated Tool
  Laboratory
• School of Library and Information Science,
  Indiana University
• January 18, 2007

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CiteSearch What, Why, How

• Goal
• Quality Assessment of Scholarly Publications
• Motivation
• Lack of comprehensive citation database
• Limitations of conventional citation analysis
• One-dimensional assessment
• Misleading evaluation
• Approach
• Multi-faceted, Fusion-based Citation Analysis
• Combine data from multiple citation databases
• Assess quality using various quality evaluation
  measures

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CiteSearch Study Overview

• Objectives
• Investigate current citation analysis environment
  
• Test the viability of CiteSearch system
• Method
• Search citation databases and compare the results
  
• Setup
• Study sample
• Publications of 15 SLIS faculty members (approx.
  1,100 publications)
• Databases used
• Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science
• Citation sources
• Journals and conference papers in 1996-2005

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Citation Databases

• Data collection
• WoS 100 hours
• Scopus 200 hours
• GS over 3,000 hours

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Scopus and WoS Citation Count

• Scopus vs. WoS
• 14.0 (278) more citations by Scopus
• More comprehensive coverage by Scopus (15,000 vs.
  8,700 periodicals)
• Scopus WoS
• Scopus increases WoS citations by 35 (710)
• WoS increases Scopus citations by 19.0 (432)
• Relatively low overlap (58) and high uniqueness
  (42)

Web of Science (2,023)
Scopus (2,301)
26(710)
58(1,591)
16(432)
Scopus ? WoS (2,733)
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Impact of Scopus By Research Area
- varies significantly between research areas
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Impact of Scopus on Faculty Members Relative
Ranking
Scopus significantly alters the relative ranking
of those faculty members that appear in the
middle of the rankings
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Scopus WoS Citation Count By Document Type
Conference Papers Only
WoS (229)
Scopus (359)
54(267)
28(137)
18(92)
Scopus ? WoS (496)
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Scopus WoS Summary of Results

• Coverage
• Varies greatly between research areas
• Increase in citations ranges from 5 to 99 by
  combining results from both databases
• Scopus has a much better coverage of conference
  proceedings
• Overlap 18
• Scopus only 54
• WoS only 28
• Ranking by citation count
• Relative ranking of faculty members changes
  significantly for those in the middle

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Google Scholar Citations By Document Type
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Citations By Language
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Impact of GS By Research Area
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Impact of GS on Faculty Members Relative Ranking
GS does not significantly alter the rankings of
faculty members
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GS vs. Scopus?WoS

• GS increases WoS?Scopus citations by 93 (2,552)
• Scopus?WoS increases GS citations by 26 (1,104)
• GS identifies 53 (or 1,448) more citations than
  WoS?Scopus
• GS has much better coverage of conference
  proceedings
• (1,849 by GS vs. 496 by Scopus?WoS)
• GS has over twice as many unique citations as
  Scopus?WoS
• (2,552 vs. 1,104, respectively)

Google Scholar (4,181)
Scopus?WoS (2,733)
31(1,629)
48(2,552)
21(1,104)
GS ? Scopus?WoS (5,285)
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GS Scopus?WoS Summary of Results

• Coverage
• Varies greatly between research areas
• 23 to 144 increase by combining GS Scopus?WoS
  
• 5 to 98 increase by combining Scopus WoS
• GS has strong coverage in CS IS
• HCI, IR, computational linguistics, social
  informatics
• Scopus?WoS has stronger coverage in LS
• Bibliometrics, collection development,
  information policy
• GS provides significantly better coverage of
  non-English materials
• GS (7) Scopus (1) WoS (1)
• Ranking
• No significant changes in relative ranking of
  faculty members

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Findings

• Scopus, WoS, and GS complement rather than
  replace each other
• GS can be useful in showing evidence of broader
  international impact than could possibly be done
  through Scopus and WoS
• GS can be very useful for citation searching
  purposes however, it is not conducive for
  large-scale comparative citation analyses
• Scopus significantly alters the relative citation
  ranking of scholars as measured by Web of
  Science. GS does not

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Conclusions

• Multiple sources of citations should be used to
  generate accurate citation counts and rankings
• Citation databases complement one another
• Small overlap between sources may significantly
  influence relative ranking
• Multi-faceted citation analysis is needed
• citation coverage varies by research area,
  document type, language
• CiteSearch can greatly facilitate citation
  analysis
• Enormous effort is required to
• Refine search strategy
• Parse search results
• Eliminate noise (duplicate citations)
• Extract normalize citation metadata

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CiteSearch System Overview

• A Web-based citation search and analysis tool
• Work-in-progress prototype system
• Search multiple citation sources
• Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO,
  ProQuest, etc.
• Extract and compile citation metadata
• Parse normalize the search results
• Compute various citation-based quality evaluation
  measures
• Document-based measures
• Weighted citation counts, CiteRank
• Author-based measures
• Weighted publication counts, H-Index, Mentor-Index

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CiteSearch System Architecture
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End
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CiteSearch System Work-in-Progress

• Federated Citation Search
• To compile comprehensive usable citation data
• Query multiple citation databases
• Filter out noise
• e.g., invalid, duplicate citations
• Extract normalize metadata
• bibliographical metadata (e.g., title, author,
  year, source, etc.)
• citation metadata (e.g., doctype, subject,
  language, etc.)
• Multi-faceted Citation Analysis
• To produce multi-faceted quality/impact
  assessment measures that
• account for variance in citation quality (e.g.,
  Weighted citation counts, CiteRank)
• consider various facets of evaluation metric
  (e.g., Document type, language)
• accommodate diffent aspects of quality assessment
  (e.g., H-Index, Mentor-Index)
• Compute citation-based quality scores (CQS) for
  each publication
• Compute CQS for authors, schools, publishers
  using publication CQS
• Compute CQS for each publication weighted by
  author/school/publisher scores
• Compute CQS for authors, schools, publishers
  using weighted publication CQS
• Repeat steps 3 and 4 until convergence

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CiteSearch Study Citation Databases

• Web of Science
• 3 Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)
  databases
• Standard tool for citation studies worldwide
• 35 million records from 9,000 publishers
• Scopus
• Produced by Elsevier
• 27 million records from 15,000 publishers
• Google Scholar
• 500 million records
• UBC (http//weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/googlescholar
  /archives/025964.html)
• Unknowns
• Coverage (subject, publisher, time-span)
• Document type and refereed status of records

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Google Scholar Citations by Year
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Sources of Unique Citations
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CiteSearch Study GS Scopus WoS
Scopus (2308)
Google Scholar (4203)
8.2 (435)
5.3 (282)
48.3(2561)
18.3 (970)
11.7 (617)
4.3 (230)
3.8 (204)
WoS (2025)
GS ? Scopus ? WoS (5307)