SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

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SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

• Frederick W. Taylor
• 1856-1915
• Frank and Lilian Gilbreth
• Henry Gantt

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WHY SOLDIERING?(According to F.W. Taylor)

• Persons natural tendency to take it easy
• Workers fear they would run out of work to do
• Inefficient rule-of-thumb methods
• Poor incentives by management

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Scientific Mgmt

• Taylor concluded
• There was a more efficient way to do any job.
• It was managements obligation to discover these
  methods to provide for their implementation.

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Scientific Mgmt

• Taylor believed that Scientific Management would
  benefit management through greater productivity
  lower unit costs and the worker through higher
  wages.
• Taylor accepted the classical economic concept of
  man as a rational being driven by desire to
  improve economically.

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SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT(F.W.Taylor)

• 1. Development of a science
• 2. Scientific selection, training, development
  of worker
• 3. Piece rate incentives to bring science
  workers together
• 4. Division of work into planning and doing
  (vertical task specialization)

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1st Application of Sci. Mgmt.

• Bethlehem Iron (Steel) Company.
• Before Taylor Average worker loaded 12.5 long
  tons per day.
• 1st Class Worker Someone with correct
  temperament abilities to do job plus a desire
  to work. (according to Taylor)
• Taylor believed a 1st class pig iron handler
  could load 47.5 long tons per day using
  Scientific Management.

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Scientific Management

• Selection of Schmidt for the Scientific Handling
  of Pig Iron
• Source F. W. Taylor, The Principles of
  Scientific Management (NY Harper Row, 1911),
  pp. 43-46.

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• IS THIS FAIR?
• Under Old System
• 12 ½ long tons for 1.15
• Under Taylors system
• 47 ½ long tons for 1.85

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2nd Application of Sci. Mgmt.

• The work of shoveling at Bethlehem Iron
• Before Taylor 400-600 men used the same shovel
  for all loads.
• After Taylor
• Workforce reduced to 140 workers now using 8-10
  types of shovels.

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RESULTS OF TAYLORS WORK AT BETHLEHEM STEEL

• Laborers reduced from over 400 to 140.
• Average amount handled increased from 16 to 59
  tons per man day.
• Average earnings increased from 1.15 to 1.88
  per day.
• Average cost of handling 1 long ton dropped from
  7 to 3.

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Other Pioneers of Sci. Mgmt.

• Henry Gantt
• Invented the Gantt Chart
• Frank Lillian Gilberth
• Developed Time Motion Study and Employee
  Development

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GANTT CHART
As of March 1 Task A - 3 weeks ahead Task B - On
schedule Task C - 2 weeks behind
Units completed Over Time
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PERT/ CRITICAL PATH METHOD

• Which path is critical?

Paths Weeks 1 - 2 - 7 - 8 11 1 - 3- 4
- 7 - 8 11 1 - 3 - 6 - 8
10 1 - 3 - 5 - 8 12
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Frank Lillian Gilbreth

• Both believed in Taylors methods.
• Frank analyzed bricklaying to boost output, lower
  costs, increase wage. Looking for Economy of
  Motion.
• Lillian emphasized employee selection training
  - Pioneer of Industrial Psychology Human
  Resource Management.

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Frank Gilbreth

• Was able to reduce number of work movements in
  laying a brick from 18.5 to only 4!
• Devised a system for classifying recording hand
  motions into 17 basic categories called
  therbligs

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GILBRETH THERBLIG
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The Gilbreths

• Their children wrote books about their amazing
  parents
• Cheaper By the Dozen
• Bells on their Toes

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Scientific Management Criticisms

• Oversimplified view of human motivation
• Too much emphasis on extreme specialization
• One best way ignored changing situations
• Separating planning from doing demeaned labor

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Scientific Management Contributions

• Scientific approach to management
• Time and motion study
• Standardization
• Goal setting
• Work measurement
• Importance of feedback
• Money as a motivator
• Managements responsibility for training
• Scientific selection techniques
• Shortened work week
• Rest pauses

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Who Uses Sci. Mgmt Today?

• Professional Football
• Game Films, etc.
• McDonalds
• One Best Way at Hamburger U.
• United Parcel Service
• One Best Way to Do Any Job
• Others? Fitness Trainers?