Cognitive Psychology

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Chapter 20 Cognitive Psychology
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Norbert Wiener, cybernetics Claude Shannon,
information theory 1956 MIT symposium on
information theory
Developments Before 1950 (571)
1. More than 50 books, monographs on genetic
epistemology. 2. Schemata. 3. Four Piagetian
periods sensori-motor, pre- operational,
concrete operations, formal operations. 4.
Kantian. 5. The Language and Thought of the
Child (1926).
1896-1980
Jean Piaget
Developments During the 1950s (573)
1. ..single most effective leader 2. The
magical number seven, plus or minus two
(1956). 3. Miller Nicely Perceptual confusion
among consonants (1955). 4. Pres of APA in 1969.
1920-
George A. Miller
Lashleys 1951 Problem of serial order in
behavior
Hebbs 1955 Drive and the CNS
Bruner, Goodnow Austins 1956 A Study of
Thinking
Broadbents 1957 filter theory.
Festingers 1957 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Chomskys 1959 review of Verbal Behavior
Developments After the 1950s (574)
Miller, Galanter Pribram 1960 Plans and
Millers 1960 Some psychological studies of
grammar
Hebb 1960 The American Revolution
Ulrich Neisser 1967 Cognitive Psychology
1969 founding of journal Cognitive Psychology
Ulrich Neisser 1976 Cognition and Reality
1. Artificial Intelligence (576)
Alan Turing 1950 Computing machinery
intelligence
John Searle 1980,1990 Chinese Room rebuttal of
strong AI
2. Information Processing Psychology (579)
Newell, Shaw, and Simon 1958 Elements of a
theory of problem solving, Psych Review
Lachman, Lachman Butterfield (1979) credit Kant
with the new cognitive but hed disavow it.
In his December 10, 2007 lecture at BYU, Dan
Robinson quoted Piaget as saying, The logical
empiricist believes that the positive integers
were discovered one at a time. Piaget published
62935 pages, 2.46/day. Wundt published 53735
pages, 2.2/day.
3. The New Connectionism Parallel-Distributed
Processing (581)
Rumelhart, McClelland, et al. (1986) Parallel
Distributed Processing Explorations in the
Microstructure of Cognition 1. GOFAI versus
PDPthe new game in town. 2. Hebbs rule
(Waren McCulloch and Walter Pitts,1943) 3.
Back propagation systems. 4. Dreyfus (1968,
1992) What computers cant do.
1975
1950
1925
1900
1875
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• Justify the contention that psychology has almost
  always been concerned with studying human
  cognition. Throughout most of psychologys
  history, how was cognition studies? What
  philosopher provided the framework within which
  cognition could be studied experimentally?
  571-572
• Give examples of early efforts (before 1950) to
  study human cognition experimentally. 571-572
• Give examples of events that occurred in the
  1950s that contributed to the development of
  experimental cognitive psychology. 573-574
• Describe the pivotal events that occurred in the
  1960s that contributed to the current popularity
  of experimental cognitive psychology. 574-576
• Define each of the following cognitive science,
  artificial intelligence (AI), strong AI, and weak
  AI.
• What is the Turing test, and for what was it
  used? 576 (imitation game)
• Describe Searles thought experiment involving
  the Chinese Room. What, according to Searle,
  does this experiment prove? 576-578
• Which philosophies would tend to support the
  position of strong AI? Weak AI? Which would
  deny the usefulness of either type of AI?
  578-579
• What are the major tenets of information-processin
  g psychology? How is information-processing
  psychology related to AI? 579-581
• Why can information-processing psychology be seen
  as following in the tradition of Kantian
  philosophy? Why can information-processing
  psychology be seen as marking a return to faculty
  psychology? A return to the mind-body problem?
  580-581
• What is new connectionism and how does it compare
  to GOFAI? 581-584
• Describe an artificial neural network and then
  discuss how such a network learns by applying
  Hebbs rule. 582-584

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• Within the new connectionism, what is a
  back-propagation model? Give an example. 584
• Which of the criticism of GOFAI remain valid when
  directed against new connectionism? Which are
  not? 584-585

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