White Paper on Defence and Defence Review

1
White Paper on Defence and Defence Review
Defence Update 2005

• Portfolio Committee on Defence 17 May 2005

2
Scope of Presentation to PCD

• Introduction Overview
• WPDR Process
• Changed Strategic Environment
• Collective Security
• South African Approach to National Security
• Role, Functions, Objectives Missions
• Overview of Report 2

• Mr Tsepe Motumi
• Nick Sendall
• Mr Sagaren Naidoo
• Dr Phenyo Rakate
• Mr Sagaren Naidoo
• Col(dr) Willie Wagner
• Nick Sendall

3
Parys Resolutions(DOD Strategic Session)

• (17-19 March 2004)

4
Parys Resolutions (1)

• At its strategic work session on 17 19 March
  2004, the PDSC resolved that the WPDR must be
  amended.
• Resolution 1 White Paper on Defence.
• Under leadership of CPP and supported by CDSP,
  other Services Divisions, all issues to be
  reviewed should be identified and analysed.
• Develop focussed staff papers indicating and
  advising what positions the DOD might take on the
  current WPD chapters.
• Ratify the staff papers and consolidate into a
  single position paper.
• Resolution 2 Defence Review.
• A Review of the Defence Review must be undertaken
  under leadership of CPP and supported by CDSP,
  other Services Divisions.
• The Reviewed Defence Review must include opening
  statements that describe the DODs vision,
  mission and core business in clear and measurable
  terms.
• A position paper on the updated Defence Review to
  be developed based on the impact of the strategic
  environment on the force design.
• It will incorporate a risk management approach,
  inclusive of related contingency planning.

5
WP DR Macro Process
6
Required Results of Defence Update 2005

• RESULT 1
• Renewal Modernisation
• DWP DR
  WPDR Update
• MISMATCH
  RESULT 2
• (RISKS) Alignment
• MTEF MTEF
• 1996 1998
  2005 2009 2014

RESULT 3 Consolidated Defence Vision
7
Defence Update 2005 Architecture

• Ministerial Foreword
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 The Changed Strategic Environment
• Chapter 2 Collective Security
• Chapter 3 South Africas Approach to National
  Security
• Chapter 4 Defence Role, Functions, Objectives,
  Missions
• Chapter 5 Required Defence Capabilities
• Chapter 6 Required Defence Resources
• Chapter 7 Defence Governance
• Conclusion

8
Status of the WPDR Chapters
9
Status of Chapters (1)

• Chapter 1 The Changed Strategic Environment
• Chapter 2 Collective Security
• Chapter 3 South Africas Approach to National
  Security
• Chapter 4 Defence Role, Functions, Objectives,
  Missions
• Chapter 5 Required Defence Capabilities
• Chapter 6 Required Defence Resources
• Chapter 7 Defence Governance

• Completed (CPP)
• Completed (CPP)
• Completed (CPP)
• Completed (CCS)
• Partially completed (CCS)
• Not commenced (CFO)
• Completed (CPP)

10
Status of Chapters (2)

•  Chapter 5 Required Defence Capabilities
• CCS to present the Force Design Proposal to the
  PDSC on 20 June 2005.
• CCS will submit Chapter 5 to the editing
  committee one week thereafter.
• Chapter 6 Required Defence Resources
• CFO will present the Financial Instruction for
  the costing of the Force Design to the DSC on 30
  May 2005.
• CFO will present the Force Costing Proposal at
  the PDSC on 18 July 2005.
• Submission of Chapter 6 to the editing committee
  will be one week thereafter, i.e. 25 July 2005.
• Report 2
• The Editing Committee tasked to prepare Report 2
  for presentation at the PDSC of 15 August 2005.

11
CHAPTER ONE

• A CHANGED STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT

12
Introduction

• A main determinant for an update of the WP and DR
  is the changing nature of the strategic
  environment.
• The contemporary strategic environment depicts a
  world confronted by non-traditional security
  threats, new actors, and non-conventional methods
  of destabilisation and destruction.

13
The Global Context

• General Trends
• Intra-state Conflict
• The Contribution of Non-State Actors to
  insecurity
• The Rise of International Terrorism
• Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
• The Military Capacity of States
• Unilateral Acts of Force
• Competition over Scarce and Strategic Resources
• Mercenaries and Private Military Companies
• Negative Effects of Globalisation
• North-South Disparities
• Regionalism
• Information and Communication Technology

14
The Continental Context

• A new section to previous chapter in 1996 WP.
• The establishment of the African Union is a
  milestone achievement.
• However, conflicts have continued some
  longstanding others of a recent occurrence.
• Causes
• Weak and non-functional states
• Poor political and economic governance
• The politicisation of ethnicity
• Armed competition over scarce and strategic
  resources and
• Unconstitutional changes of governments.
• Accordingly, the AU and its mechanisms for
  resolution of conflict
• i.e. PSC, ASF, the CEW, CADSP and the PAP are
  critical for a peaceful and stable continent.

15
The Regional Context

• Resolution of long standing internal conflicts
  and the institutionalisation of democratic
  practices. Post-war reconstruction poses a
  challenge.
• However, much of the region continues to be
  stricken by chronic underdevelopment and the
  attendant problems of poverty, illiteracy and
  unemployment in addition to the spread of killer
  diseases, environmental degradation, and a
  proliferation of small arms.
• Therefore, the Operationalisation of SADC
  security structures and institutions is of
  critical importance.
• Another development to further regional peace and
  security is the SADC Mutual Defence Pact (MDP).

16
The Domestic Context

• The domestic security environment is affected by
  
• Endemic crime influenced largely by foreign and
  local criminal syndicates.
• Exacerbated by the availability of small arms.
• The spread of killer diseases, such as HIV/AIDS,
  and environmental degradation.
• Acts of Terror.
• The domestic situation remains stable.

17
Conclusion

• The inter-relatedness and transnational nature of
  many contemporary security threats dictates that
  solutions are beyond the control of any single
  state. A resolution to many of the present days
  security threats require collaborative action
  among states within multilateral fora and
  collective security mechanisms at the
  international, continental and regional levels.

18
CHAPTER TWO

• COLLECTIVE SECURITY

19
Introduction

• A changed strategic environment compels a
  collective response to non-traditional security
  threats, new actors, and non-conventional methods
  of destabilisation and destruction.
• Our security as a country is inextricably linked
  to the region and the continent.
• Therefore, there is a need to strengthen regional
  and continental structures SADC and AU

20
Approach to Collective Security

• The 1996 WP on Defence does not replace state
  security with the adoption of a human security
  approach. The two are inextricably linked. This
  approach is supported by the UN Report on Human
  Security(2003).
• Security is no longer viewed in national terms.
  Most of the non-military threats that face South
  Africa have regional, continental and
  international implications.
• The DOD is but one instrument that may be
  employed to promote national, regional,
  continental and global security.

21
Collective Security Developments

• Peacekeeping-The UN experience with peacekeeping
  in Bosnia and Somalia.
• Brahimi Report- to undertake a thorough review of
  UN peacekeeping.
• A purely military approach to peacekeeping which
  ignores human security aspects does not produce a
  lasting peace
• UN Stand-by arrangements to be linked to regional
  co-operation Member states to make available a
  brigade type force.

22
Reforming the UN SC

• UN membership has grown threefold.
• UN SC decisions to be legitimate, credible and
  effective.
• Report of the UN High-Level Panel on Threats,
  Challenge and Change (2004).
• Representation will provide Africa with a forum
  to shape and influence the international security
  agenda.

23
Continental Security Mechanisms

• The objectives of the PSC supported by
  concomitant structures (ASF, MSC, Early Warning,
  Panel of the Wise, Peace Fund) is to provide
  peace, security and stability in Africa.
• ASF envisages a brigade-size force per region for
  each of the five regions.
• Early Warning System is to provide political,
  economic, social, military indicators to be used
  to analyse developments in the continent.
• CADSP provides a framework for a common vision of
  defence and security on the continent and will
  inform future developments related to
  non-aggression and mutual defence pacts.

24
Regional Security Mechanisms

• Institutionalisation of the objectives of the
  OPDSC particularly the Strategic Indicative Plan
  of the Organ(SIPO)
• SADC Mutual Defence Pact (2003) to prevent
  conflict between and against SADC member states.
• Operationalisation of the SADCBRIG and the Early
  Warning Centre is currently underway Modality
  Report.

25
Collective Security Management

• Poverty and Underdevelopment
• Eradication of poverty is central to ensuring
  security of all people and the security of the
  state (Human Security Report).
• SIPO lists 14 security challenges and it includes
  the eradication of poverty and underdevelopment
  in the SADC region.
• South Africa remains committed to the NEPAD
  process and the UN Millennium Development Goals.

26

Collective Security Management

• Unconstitutional Changes of Government
• AU-Algiers Decisions on Unconstitutional Changes
  of Government(1999) and the Lome Declaration
  (2000)
• Constitutive Act of the African Union reject
  unconstitutional changes of government.
• SADC Protocol on Principles and Guidelines
  Governing Democratic Elections (2004)

27
Collective Security Management

• Mercenarism
• Mercenary activities undermine the values of
  human rights and international law as expressed
  in the Constitution.
• Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act 15
  of 1998 prohibits South Africans from
  participating in national and international armed
  conflicts
• South Africa is not party to the UN AU
  Convention on Mercenarism

28

Collective Security Management

• International Terrorism
• Although international terrorism will continue to
  dominate the global security agenda poverty and
  underdevelopment remains a challenge for
  developing countries (MOD Comments)
• South Africa has implemented UN SC resolutions on
  terrorism IDWG on terrorism
• Protection of Constitutional Democracy against
  Terrorist and Related Activities Act 33 of 2004.

29
Collective Security Management

• Disarmament and Arms Control
• Threat of WMD between major powers continues to
  decline. However, the use of WMD cannot be
  discounted.
• Pelindaba Treaty preserve Africa as Nuclear
  free zone.
• Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
  Act 87 of 1993.
• Conventional Arms Control Act 41 of 2002
  creates the NCACC to regulate trade over
  conventional arms.

30
Collective Security Management

• Small Arms and Light Weapons
• South Africa has participated in regional,
  continental and global initiatives aimed at the
  eradication of illicit small arms and light
  weapons
• SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms,
  Ammunition and Other Related Materials (2001) and
  the Bamako Declaration(2001)
• Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000

31
Collective Security Management

• Anti-personnel Landmines
• Anti-Personnel Mines Prohibition Act 36 of 2003
• Surrender, forfeiture to the state and
  destruction of anti-personnel mines
• Co-operate with UN and other organisations to
  clear landmines in SADC

32
Conclusion (1)

• The broadening of security to include human
  security suggests a need to forge a new approach
  to collective security
• Global threats posed poverty, mercenarism,
  terrorism, arms proliferation etc are
  interconnected and transnational in nature and
  cut across departmental responsibilities.
• These threats are addressed (inter-alia) through
  multilateral structures at regional, continental
  and global levels.

33
Conclusion (2)

• South Africa will support regional, continental
  and global security arrangements and initiatives
  such as the AU PSC and the operationlisation of
  its concomitant structures
• South Africa will support the implementation of
  the SADC SIPO, and the SADCBRIG etc

34
CHAPTER THREE

• SOUTH AFRICAS APPROACH TO NATIONAL SECURITY

35
Introduction

• South Africas National Security Policy (NSP) has
  undergone a marked overhaul since the end of
  apartheid.
• In a democratic South Africa national security
  is an all-encompassing condition in which all
  citizens live in freedom, peace and safety
  participate fully in the process of democratic
  governance enjoy the protection of fundamental
  rights have access to resources and the basic
  necessities of life and inhabit an environment
  which is not detrimental to their health and
  well-being.
• Accordingly, South Africas national security is
  no longer viewed as a predominantly military and
  police problem. It has been broadened to
  incorporate political, economic, social, and
  environmental matters.

36
INTRODUCTION (Cont..)

• The objectives of South Africas NSP thus entail
  
• Consolidation and maintenance of democracy.
• The achievement of sustainable economic
  development.
• The pursuit of social justice.
• Ensuring a peaceful and safe environment by
  addressing the levels of crime, violence and
  political instability.
• Achieving security within the principles of
  collective security, non-aggression and peaceful
  settlement of disputes.

37
Foundations of SAs National Security Policy

• South Africas NSP is based on constitutional
  principles, the countrys national interests, and
  governmental priorities as espoused through the
  Cabinet Makgotla and the Ministerial and Director
  General Cluster system of governance.

38
Constitution principles that govern the NSP

• SAs NSP must reflect the resolve of South
  Africans, as individuals and as a nation, to
• live as equals, in peace and harmony and to be
  free from fear and want, to seek a better life
• resolve to live in peace and harmony precludes
  any South African citizen from participating in
  armed conflict, national or internationally,
  except as provided for in-terms of the
  constitution and national legislation
• National Security must be pursued in
  compliance with the law including international
  law and
• National Security is subject to the authority of
  parliament and national executive.

39
South Africas National Interests

• The security and survival of South Africa, its
  values and institutions and the safety of its
  people
• Sustainable economic growth and development in
  South Africa and the region
• A peaceful and stable international environment
  and
• International engagement with and participation
  in the international community

40
Governmental Priorities from the Cabinet Makgotla
and the Cluster System of governance

•           
• Transform the foreign, defence and intelligence
  organisations
• Crime prevention and combating organised crime
• Ensure South Africas acceptance into the
  community of nations and establish relations with
  other countries
• Promote international peace, security and
  stability (including international crime
  prevention and management)
• Prioritise commitment to the interests and
  development of Africa
• Promote South-South co-operation and the
  transformation of North-South relations
• Reform and strengthen the multilateral
  rules-bound political, economic, security and
  environmental organisations in order to advance
  the interests of developing countries. 

41
Challenges for Defence-related Priorities

• Support the AU PSC in its efforts to contribute
  to conflict prevention, conflict resolution and
  peace keeping in Africa.
• Promote and strengthen multilateralism at
  regional, continental and global levels. Play and
  active and leading role in the implementation of
  NEPAD and the African Peer Review Mechanism.
• Ensure AU structures and programmes are
  implemented, operationalised and consolidated.
• Enhance the capacity of the intelligence
  structures, and the SANDF
• Improve efficiency in both ports of entry and in
  respect of border control and
• Improving intelligence, visible policing and
  social partnerships, particularly in dealing with
  priority crime.

42
Implications for the DOD

• National security is viewed in a broader context
  as an all-encompassing condition, which includes
  the safeguarding of South Africa and its people
  against a wide range of threats, many of which
  are non-military in nature.
• National security policy and priorities thus
  imply that government will require the DOD/SANDF
  to participate in and contribute to the combating
  of a range of non-military threats to security.
  These may include crime, terrorism and the
  effects of natural disasters.
• South Africas national security policy and
  cluster priorities also reflect a strong
  commitment to regional and continental peace,
  stability and development. This manifests in
  governments commitment to NEPAD, the AU and SADC
  and their structures and mechanisms.

43
Implications (2)

• Governments commitment to international peace
  and security and its manifestations at regional
  and continental levels consequently imply a long
  term DOD/SANDF involvement in collective defence
  and security including participation in security
  structures, peace missions, standby arrangements
  and other defence co-operation. These include the
  PSC, ASF, Continental and Regional Early Warning,
  and the SADC Brigade.
• South Africas national security policy and
  priorities thus have clear implications for the
  role, functions, objectives, missions and
  capabilities of the SANDF.

44
CHAPTER FOUR

• ROLE, FUNCTIONS, OBJECTIVES MISSIONS

45
ROLE (1)

• Role Functions
• The primary object of the defence force is to
  defend and protect the Republic, its territorial
  integrity and its people
• The primary role of the SANDF shall be to
  defend South Africa against external military
  aggression.
• The primary function of the SANDF is to defend
  South Africa against external military
  aggression.

• Constitution, Ch 11, Art 200(2).
• White paper on Defence, Ch 2, par 11.9
• White paper on Defence, Ch 5, par 2

46
ROLE (2)
Engage in war
Protect against Environment Non-state threats
Peace Missions
Military Diplomacy
ROLE
primary object
to defend and protect the Republic, its
territorial integrity and its people
47
FUNCTIONS (1)
Terrorism WMD Weak States Non-military Threats

• Collective Security
• Bi/multi-lateral arrangements
• Peace Missions

POSTURE Non- threatening Defence
Support to the People of South Africa
Collective Security
Offensive Capabilities remain
Right to Self-defence Regional security
48
FUNCTIONS (2)

• Service in the defence of the Republic, for the
  protection of its sovereignty and territorial
  integrity

Primary Function
REVIEW Concept of Primary and Secondary
Functions and Defence Objectives and Missions
Change in environment and focus no need for a
conventional capability
Secondary Functions

• Service in compliance with international
  obligations of the Republic with regard to
  international bodies and states
• Service in the preservation of life, health or
  property
• Service in the provision or maintenance of
  essential services
• Upholding law and order in support of SAPS
• Support to departments of state for
  socio-economic upliftment

Act 200 of 1993 White paper on Defence, Ch
5, par 3
49
DEFENCE OBJECTIVES
1. To defend and protect the territorial
integrity of the Republic and supporting its
people 2. To contribute to global security
Military Strategic Objectives
5. To ensure continuous improvement of defence
capabilities
3. To ensure good governance
Missions
4. To implement the One-Force Concept
50
MISSIONS
Function 1
Function 2
Function 3
Function 4
Function 5
Function 6
Heterogeneous
Executive Level

Mission1
Mission2
Mission 3
Mission n
Own Approach Own Force Design
Homogeneous Collection of Tasks

Task
Task
Task
Task
Task
Task
51
MISSION HIERARCHY
Constitution White Paper Defence Review
Defence Strategy
Role
Missions
Functions
Mil Strat Objectives
Defence Objectives
52
DEFENCE CONCEPT

• Shape
• Co-operation
• Common security regime
• Regional defence co-operation
• Contain
• Mediation Arbitration
• Diplomacy
• Respond
• SANDF
• As ordered by government, expected by the people

.
53
CONCLUSIONS Ch 4

• Mission-based Approach
• Conventional Capability Constitutional
  imperative
• Robust suite of capabilities
• Employed within means provided Selective
  Engagement
• Citizen in Uniform Concept
• Defence Strategy

54
Overview of Report 2
55
CHAPTER FIVE

• Required Defence Capabilities

56
Purpose To provide the Statement of Required
Defence Capabilities needed to execute the
Missions in the next decade. DOD Planning
Instr 17/04 dd 06 Dec 04
57
PROCESS
FORM CJ Ops Serv/Div
Force Design Force Structure Mission-based
Option Design to Cost Option CHAPTER
5 REQUIRED DEFENCE CAPABILITIES
Serv/Div
Serv/Div CDSP CFO

CDSP
58
CHAPTER SIX

• Required Defence Resources

59
Chapter 5 6 Mutual Adjustment

• Chapter 1 Strategic Environment
• Chapter 2 Collective Security
• Chapter 3 SA National Security
• Chapter 4 Role, Functions, Objectives
• Missions
• Chapter 5 Defence Capabilities
• Chapter 6 Defence Resources
• Chapter 7 Defence Governance

Expectation/ Intent
Force Design Standard
Affordability / Sustainability
Resource Requirement
60
Chapter 6 Structure

• - Introduction/Scope
• - Defence Facilities (Land and Buildings)
• - Defence Materiel (Category 1 Equipment)
• - Defence Materiel (Category 2 Equipment)
• - Defence Materiel (Stores/Inventories)
• - Defence Services (Professional/Specialist)
• - Defence Personnel
• - Defence Information
• - Defence Funding
• - Conclusion

61
CHAPTER SEVEN

• Defence Governance

62
Purpose To confirm proper civil oversight and
control over defence
63

• Basis for Defence Governance and Accountability
• Regulatory Framework
• The Constitution and Public Administration
• Defence Governance Civil Control
• Other Legislation and Regulations

64
National Structures and Mechanisms
65

• The Cabinet Committee System
• Parliamentary Committees
• Joint Standing Committee on Defence (JSCD)
• Portfolio Committee on Defence (PCD)
• Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence
• Standing Committee on Public Accounts (SCOPA) and
  the Auditor General
• National Treasury
• Other External Controls
• Audit Committee

66

• Defence Command and Management Bodies
• Council on Defence
• Defence Staff Council
• Subordinate Command and
• Management Structures

67

• DOD Processes and Controls
• Alignment and Synchronisation of Processes
• Strategic Business Plan
• Performance Management
• Internal Audit Management
• Reporting Requirements