Oklahoma State University Writing Center

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Oklahoma State University Writing Center
Write On!
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MLA, APA, and Chicago Styles

• Documentation and Citation

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In-Text Citation When?

• quoting
• paraphrasing
• stating statistics, facts, or ideas obtained from
  that source

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When you Need to Cite

• When you use information gained through
  interviewing another person
• When you copy the exact words or a "unique
  phrase" from somewhere
• When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations,
  charts, and pictures
• When you use ideas that others have given you in
  conversations or over email
• When you are using or referring to somebody
  elses words or ideas from a magazine, book,
  newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page,
  computer program, letter, advertisement, or any
  other medium

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When you Dont Need to Cite

• When you are writing your own experiences, your
  own observations, your own insights, your own
  thoughts, your own conclusions about a subject
• When you are using "common knowledge" folklore,
  common sense observations, shared information
  within your field of study or cultural group
• When you are compiling generally accepted facts
• When you are writing up your own experimental
  results

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Page Numbers

• Any time you directly quote, paraphrase a stretch
  of prose, or include facts, statistics or claims
  drawn from one place in a text you should include
  the page number or numbers
• However, many times you do not need to refer to a
  specific page.

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Page Numbers

• If you state that Mark Twains novel Tom Sawyer
  deals with issues of race, you will not need a
  page number because you drew that conclusion from
  the book as a whole.
• Similarly, if you say that in her study, Deborah
  Tannen examines the ways men and women
  communicate differently, you will not need a page
  number because it is the sense or topic of the
  entire article.
• However, in both these situations you should
  include the article in your works cited page.

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In-Text Citation Where?

• MLA at end of sentence
• APA immediately after quote or at end of
  sentence or both
• CMS in sentence, citation at bottom of page,
  or in endnotes after article

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In-Text Citation Format
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In-Text Citation Examples
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MLA FORMAT

• Mark Twains novel, Tom Sawyer, deals with issues
  of race.
• In Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Tom says, blah blah
  blah (20).
• Tom Sawyer says, blah blah blah (Twain 20).

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APA Format

• Tannen (2002) studies the ways in which men and
  women communicate differently.
• Tannen (2002) finds that men are 80 more likely
  to interrupt than women (p. 23).
• Men are 80 more likely to interrupt than women
  (Tannen, 2002, p. 23).
• For more information on communicative strategies
  see (Joseph, 1999 Randall, 2001 Tannen, 2002)

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Chicago Style

• Mark Twains novel, Tom Sawyer, deals with issues
  of race (1830, 20).
• In Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Tom says, blah blah
  blah (1830, 20).
• Tom Sawyer says, blah blah blah (Twain, 1830,
  20).

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Internet Sources

• To cite properly, you need to know
• Address (http//) and/or database name
• Date you found it
• Title of webpage
• Try to know
• Author(s) of webpage
• Last updated on date

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Works Cited Page What?

• Everything cited in the text
• NOTE Even if you cannot get the complete
  bibliographic information, list what you have.

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Works Consulted Page What?

• Everything you read when compiling your evidence.
  
• NOTE Even if you cannot get the complete
  bibliographic information, list what you have.

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Punctuating Citations

• - Place the period after your citation (cite).
• But dont forget to put exclamation points and
  question marks which are found in the original
  inside the quote! (cite).
• Is it correct to place your punctuation after
  the citation (cite)? Yes.

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Some Problems

• How do I cite a direct quote from Animal
  Communication by Lindsay Stopps, Jerald Holcomb,
  John Smith, Ronnie Bass, Courtney Lewis and
  Terrance Phillips?
• What if I have another source, Primate
  Communication by Bass, Holcomb, Lewis, Smith,
  Stopps and Jennifer McKenzie?
• What if I need to cite Bay of Pigs written in
  2000 by John Ray Bahetti and Bay of Figs
  written in 2000 by John Smith Bahetti?
• What if both the works are by John Ray Bahetti?

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Basic Reference Page Entries
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PRACTICE
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Basic Reference Page Entries
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PRACTICE
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Citing Internet Sources on Reference Pages
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PRACTICE
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PRACTICE

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Common problems

• What order do I list things in?
• Alphabetical
• (However, other Styles may require other systems
  and you should consult your manual for more
  detailed information).
• What if I dont know author/title/other?
• Try to find it via catalogs/databases
• If unavailable, just leave that section out
• What if I have too much information?
• Consult your style manual re editors, editions,
  translations, etc.

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More Tricky Problems

• How do I know if I have a Journal, Magazine,
  Newsletter, or Newspaper?
• How do I know if the web page has a corporate
  author or just a title?
• When do use Anonymous?
• When do I use et al?
• How do I know which style to use?

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Contact Us

• 104 Morrill Hall
• 744-6671
• writingcenter_at_okstate.edu
• english.okstate.edu/writing
• rich15.com/osu/schedule
• To make an appointment