Review for Exam

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Review for Exam 1

• HE 423/523 Human Sexuality
• Fall 2006

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Shaping Our Attitudes

• Culture
• Society
• Politics
• Family
• History
• Biology
• Ethnocentric?

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The Influences of Culture On Sexuality

• Eurocentric view influenced North America
• Sexuality in other cultures reveals diversity

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The Sexual Revolution in Western Cultures

• Puritan Ideal
• Victorian Era (1837-1901)
• Early 20th Century
• After 1940-1950
• 1960s-1970s
• Present

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The Sexual Revolution in Western Cultures

• What contributes to change?
• The counterculture movement and new approaches
• Scientific research leading to greater acceptance
• Technological Developments
• Media and Internet attention to sexuality
• HIV and AIDS safer sex

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Milestones in Research History
Richard von Krafft-Ebing ? Masturbation is
deviant Sigmund Freud ? Neuroses have sexual
basis Henry Havelock Ellis ? Cross cultural
studies Alfred Kinsey ? Legitimized sex
research Masters Johnson ? Sexual
functioning Current Surveys ? Hunt Report ?
Redbook Survey ? Hite Reports National Health
and Social Life Survey ? Best available data
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Methods Ethics of Sexological Research

• Methods
• Surveys
• Case Studies
• Clinical Data
• Observation
• Ethnosexual Field Studies
• Experiments

• Ethics
• Unbiased examination of the data
• Protect subjects from physical psychological
  harm
• Protect confidentiality
• Informed consent

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The Menstrual Cycle (pages 60-62)

• Positive Feedback Loops
• Negative Feedback Loops
• Hypothalamus

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Steps of Menstruation

• 1) The ________ releases _______ to stimulate
  the ______ ______ gland.
• 2) The pituitary gland releases _____ into the
  blood stream. It is received by receptor sites
  on the _______.
• 3) _____ causes an ____ follicle to
• mature in the ______.

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Steps of Menstruation

• 4) When an ____ follicle starts to ____ the
  ovaries begin got secrete higher levels of _____.
• 5) When ____ levels are high, this signals the
  _____ gland to release a hormone called ______
  and to shut off the _____.

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Steps of Menstruation

• 6) ____ causes the ____ egg to ____ from its
  _____ and be released from the _____ (this
  process is known as _______).
• The ___is drawn up into one of the _____
  tubes. ____ also causes the ____ to continue
  ____ production.
• Finally, _____ helps in the formation of
  the _____ _______.

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Steps of Menstruation

• 7) The empty _____ follicle turn into a temporary
  gland known as the ____ _____ or yellow body.
• 8) The ____ ____ secrets a hormone called ______.
  ______ causes the ____ to swell as if its
  pregnant and to put on a thick rich ________
  layer.

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Steps of Menstruation

• 9) If, however, you do not conceive in that
  particular month, the temporary gland will stop
  secreting _____.
• 10) When production of ______ stops, the receptor
  sites for _____ in the ____ are no longer
  stimulated. Blood vessels supplying the ____
  lining first contract, and then dilate to release
  the _______ ____.

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Stages of Menstruation

• If pregnant, the ___ ___ produces ____ for the
  first 1-3 months of pregnancy and then atrophies
  and is replaced by the _____?

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Male Reproductive System

• Process Sperm Development
• Optimal Conditions for Development

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Male Reproductive System

• Semen Formation
• Pre-Ejaculation

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Male Reproductive System

• Ejaculation

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Models of Human Sexual Response

• (1966) Masters Johnson
• Four-Phase Model
• Excitement
• Plateau
• Orgasm or climax
• Resolution

• Kaplan (1974)
• Three-Phase Model
• Sexual desire
• Vasocongestion
• Orgasmic release

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Gender Differences and Arousal

• Woman-Romantic
• Men-Physical

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Female Sexual Response

• Excitement Phase
• Vasocongestion and other changes in the genital
  region
• Vagina become lubricated with an alkaline fluid
• Plateau Phase
• Increased changes in the vagina
• Orgasmic platform is created
• Breasts may become swollen and nipples may become
  erect
• Increase heart rate, respiration, and blood
  pressure
• Orgasm
• Heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure reach
  peak
• Several muscle contractions of vagina and anal
  area
• Pleasurable feelings throughout the body
• Resolution
• Body returns to unexcited state
• Drowsiness may occur as muscles relax

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Male Sexual Response

• Excitement Phase
• Vasocongestion leads to erection of the penis
• Muscular tension increases throughout the body
• Plateau Phase
• Testes may increase in size by 50 percent
• Cowpers glands often secrete fluid
• Glans of the penis becomes swollen
• Increased heart rate, respiration, and blood
  pressure
• Orgasm
• Ejaculatory inevitability distinct inner
  sensation
• Strong muscle contractions at base of penis and
  anal area
• Semen is expelled
• Pleasurable feelings throughout the body
• Resolution
• Body returns to unexcited state, process may take
  two hours
• Drowsiness and relaxation (Refractory period
  begins)

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Organizing Activating Effects of Hormones

• Organizing Effects
• Control development of sex glands, external
  genitals, and nervous system in the fetus
• Activating Effects
• May activate or deactivate sexual behavior
• Central arousal system is more influenced by
  hormones than the peripheral arousal system
• Testosterone acts as an activator for sexual
  desire in both men and women
• Male hormone (androgen) produced by the ovaries
  in females and by the testes in males
• Males have higher levels of testosterone than
  females, but females are more sensitive to
  testosterone

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Gender identity vs. Gender Role

• Definitions
• Biological (body shape and sex organs)
• Sociocultural factors (Hair length, clothing)

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Biological Sex Sexual Differentiation

• Genetic
• Gonads
• Body
• Brain

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Adult Gender Identity
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Identity Interpretation

• Androgyny
• Hyermasculinity
• Hyperfemininity

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Transgenderism

• Crossing of traditional gender lines because of
  discomfort and nonconformity with gender roles
  generally accepted by the society
• Originally conceived as pathological not today
• Transsexual
• Strong degree of discomfort feel in wrong body
• Gender identity disorder and gender dysphoria
• Expression of identity in a way that is socially
  inconsistent with ones anatomical sex

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Theories of Gender Role Development

• Psychodynamic
• Working through Oedipal conflicts leads to gender
  development
• Social Learning
• Modeling and socialization
• Cognitive-Developmental
• Thoughts reinforce socialization

• Gender Schema
• Social and cognitive
• Behavioral Genetics
• Interaction of genes and environment
• Multifactorial Web
• Eclectic
• Celebrate and understand differences