EGR 277 Digital Logic

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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab Presentation
for Lab 2
Instructor Paul Gordy Office H-115 Phone
822-7175 Email PGordy_at_tcc.edu
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab

• Microprocessors
• A microprocessor is essentially a computer on a
  single chip. It is also an example of
• a complex finite state machine or clocked
  sequential circuit.
• The first microprocessor was introduced around
  1970.
• By 1974 the 8-bit Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800
  were introduced
• By 1978 the 16-bit Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000
  were introduced.
• Microprocessors have continued to develop to
  include current powerful Pentium and other
  microprocessors.

Microprocessors versus Microcontrollers Microproce
ssors have continued to develop along two
lines 1) Performance modern computers are
based on powerful microprocessors where the focus
is on speed and processing and storage of large
amounts of data. The general public is most
familiar with this type of microprocessor (such
as Pentiums). 2) Integration smaller
microprocessors that include built-in memory and
interface circuitry, or microcontrollers, are
often integrated into applications, such as
appliances, vehicles, equipment, etc. The focus
here is reduced size, reduced cost, and a reduced
chipset (onboard memory, for example, rather than
separate memory chips). The general public is
less familiar with microcontrollers, although ten
times more microcontrollers are sold than
microprocessors!
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab

• Microcontroller evolution
• Microcontrollers have continued to evolve. Using
  Motorola as an example
• Recall that in 1974 the Motorola 6800 was
  introduced
• Later versions included the Motorola 6801, 6802,
  and 6808.
• In 1985 the Motorola 68HC11 was introduced
  (including several versions)
• In 1996 the Motorola 68HC12 was introduced.
• July 2004 the Motorola microcontroller division
  broke off into a new company Freescale
  Semiconductor, Inc

• 68HC11-based applications just to name a few
• Chrysler transmission and engine control modules
• Ford digital instrument cluster
• Jeep Cherokee drive and emissions control
• Chevrolet engine control modules
• Canon cameras
• Motorola phone systems
• AIM portable gas detectors
• StairMasters exercise machines

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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc a few words from
their web site (www.freescale.com) Freescale
Semiconductor, Inc. is a global leader in the
design and manufacture of embedded semiconductors
for the automotive, consumer, industrial,
networking and wireless markets. The
privately-held company is based in Austin, Texas,
and has design, research and development,
manufacturing or sales operations in more than 30
countries. Freescale is one of the world's
largest semiconductor companies with 2006 sales
of 6.4 billion (USD). Pervasive
Innovation Freescale may be one of the largest
companies that people touch every day, but have
never heard of. It has shipped more than 17
billion semiconductors, which can be found in
everyday name brands Motorola cell phones
Sony electronics Whirlpool appliances
Logitech keyboards and mice Lifefitness
cardiovascular and strength training equipment
Cisco routers Bose Acoustic Wave radios
Trane heating and cooling equipment
Mercedes, BMW, Ford, Hyundai and General Motors
vehicles Market Leadership Freescale is a leader
in many markets it serves No. 1 in automotive
semiconductors Gartner No. 1 in communications
processors Gartner No. 2 in overall
microcontrollers Gartner No. 2 in digital
signal processors Forward Concepts No. 4 in
wireless handset radio frequency microprocessors
iSuppli Freescale has design, research and
development (RD), manufacturing or sales
operations in more than 30 countries. We have
seven wholly-owned wafer fabs, two assembly and
test sites and a 300-millimeter pilot line and
RD center in Crolles, France, jointly owned with
STMicroelectronics and Philips. Freescale invests
1 billion annually in RD and has 5,500 patent
families. A New Life After more than 50 years as
part of Motorola, Freescale started a new life as
a stand-alone company in July 2004. Since then,
under the leadership of Chairman and CEO Michel
Mayer, the company has focused on improving
financial performance, reenergizing the culture
and building a global brand.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab

• Microcontroller boards
• Microcontrollers are often available on circuit
  boards for learning and building
• prototypes of designs. Microcontroller boards
  might contain
• Microcontroller
• Crystal clock generator
• Power supply (or regulator)
• Input/output connections for downloading
  programs, reading keyboard inputs, and displaying
  outputs
• Connection points the microcontrollers input and
  output pins
• Additional memory

• 68HC11 Microcontroller Boards just to name a
  few
• M68HC11EVBU (Motorola Evaluation Board)
• 68HC11F1 by Allen Systems, Inc.
  (www.allen-systems.com)
• Handy Board developed and licensed by MIT
  (www.handyboard.com)
• F68HC11 single chip evaluation board by NewMicros
  (www.newmicros.com)
• MicroStamp11 by Technological Arts, Inc.
  (www.technologicalarts.com) used in EGR262 and
  in this course

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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
MicroStamp11 The MicroStamp11 is a
microcontroller or microprocessor. It is built
by Technological Arts and is based on the
Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller.
The MicroStamp11 is about the size of a postage
stamp!
Technological Arts states that the MicroStamp11
is the worlds smallest microcontroller module.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab

• Docking Module
• The MicroStamp11 is attached to a docking module
  so that it can be connected to a
• serial cable for downloading programs,
  accepting keyboard inputs, and displaying outputs
• breadboard for interfacing with circuits

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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
MicroStamp11 Features (reference
www.technologicalArts.com)
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab

• Memory
• There are two types of memory
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) used to store permanent
  programs and data. Data stored in ROM is not
  erased when the MicroStamp11 is powered down, so
  programs that you save will still be in memory
  the next time you use the device. The
  MicroStamp11 has either 8k, 32k, or 64k of ROM,
  depending on the version of the MicroStamp11
  purchased.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) used as a scratchpad
  to store variables during the execution of a
  program. Data stored in RAM is lost when the
  MicroStamp11 is powered down. The MicroStamp11
  has only 256 bytes of RAM.

Clock and Data Transfer Rate The MicroStamp11 is
a digital synchronous device, meaning that all
instructions are executed in synchronization with
a hardware clock. The MicroStamp11 is available
with either 8MHz or 9.8304 MHz (Turbo version)
clock. Data can be transferred to the
MicroStamp11 via the serial cable at either 9600
baud (bytes/second) or 38400 baud (Turbo version).
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Power Source The 68HC11 is powered by a 5V DC
source. If a voltage of greater than 5V was
connected to the microcontroller, it might be
destroyed. The MicroStamp11 has a voltage
regulator on the board to protect it.

• Operational Modes (sliding switches)
• The MicroStamp11 has two modes of operation. The
  modes are selecting by using
• the sliding switches on the side of the
  MicroStamp11 module. The modes are
• Boot mode used when programs are downloaded to
  the MicroStamp11. Slide the two switches
  together to place the MicroStamp11 in boot mode.
• Run mode used when programs are run by the
  MicroStamp11. Slide the two switches apart to
  place the MicroStamp11 in run mode.

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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
External Pins The ribbon cable from the docking
module gives access to the 20 pins on the
MicroStamp11. The pins have different functions
at different times and their use will be explored
in later labs.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
MicroStamp11 Module
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
ICC11 C Compiler The MicroStamp11 will be
programmed in C in this course. Note that ODU
has a junior level microprocessor course (also
based on the 68HC11), but assembly language
programming is used in the course. The C compiler
used in the course is the ICC11 developed by
ImageCraft. The compiler is only available in
the H-275 lab however, a 45-day trial version of
the compiler is available on the instructors
Blackboard site.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Downloader A program named MicroLoad is provided
with the MicroStamp11 in order to download
compiled C programs (S19 files) into the
MicroStamp11.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Terminal Program The MicroStamp11 does not have a
keyboard or display, so how do we communicate
with it? We can do so using the serial port and
a terminal program, such as HyperTerminal (a
program available with Microsoft Windows). You
can launch HyperTerminal by selecting the
following from your computer Start
Programs Accessories Communications
HyperTerminal
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab

• Writing a C program and executing it on the
  MicroStamp11
• The basic steps are
• Write a C program using the ICC11 compiler.
• Compile the program to produce an S19 file.
• Download the S19 file to the MicroStamp11 using
  TurboLoad.
• Run HyperTerminal to make a connection between
  your computer and the MicroStamp11 via the serial
  cable.
• Press the reset button on the MicroStamp11 to run
  the program.
• For more detailed instructions with screen
  captures, see the handout
• Running your first program on the MicroStamp11

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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Programming in C EGR 125 is a prerequisite for
EGR 262, so a basic familiarity with C
programming is assumed for this course. Dont
worry! You arent expected to be fluent in
programming from the start. You will find
programming help in the following areas

• Explanations and examples in the lab manual for
  each experiment
• An appendix in the back of the manual on C
  Programming for the MicroStamp11
• Examples in the PowerPoint presentations given by
  the instructor.
• Help from the instructor and your lab partner

C versus C Many instructions are identical
between C and C, especially as we will not be
doing any advanced programming (no classes, for
example). Keep in mind that the MicroStamp11
does not work with real (floating point) numbers,
so numerical values will typically be stored as
integers. Figure 1 below from the lab manual
appendix lists the types of integer and character
variables that are available.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
C Programming for the MicroStamp11 The biggest
challenge is not dealing with the differences
between C and C, but learning the assortment of
functions that have been written specifically for
the MicroStamp11. These functions are located in
the file kernel.c that is available on the
instructors Blackboard site.
Kernel functions The MicroStamp11 has no
operating system. A set of functions and memory
specifications has been written in the file
kernel.c that will be needed in every program
that you write. These functions are particularly
important for input and output of information
between the computer and the MicroStamp11.
Standard C instructions will typically be used
for processing of the data (performing
calculations, making decisions, creating loops,
etc.). An additional file vector.c will be
needed in every program as well. It is used to
define the absolute address of your programs
starting point. Several of the functions in
kernel.c are explained in Chapter 2 of the lab
guide. They are shown on the following pages as
well.
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Kernel function (continued)
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Kernel function (continued)
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Lecture 2 EGR 262 Fundamental Circuits Lab
Example The following program is also used in
the handout entitled Running your first program
on the MicroStamp11 . Discuss the program in
detail.