Effective

1
Effective
Introductions
and
Conclusions
http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/iacd_2005F/public_speaki
ng/index.htm
2
Two Introductions (Payne 97)
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Introduction 1

• Its later this afternoon. You and a friend have
  stopped at a nearby restaurant for a snack. As
  you laugh about the prank you played on a friend
  earlier in the day, you hear someone yell, Help!
  Oh, no. I think shes dying.
• You look up to see people scrambling out of their
  chairs. They are all headed in the direction of
  a woman who is choking. Everyone is running
  around. No one is doing anything.
• But you listened to this speech so you know what
  to do. You know about the Heimlich Maneuver and
  you become the hero of the day.

4
Introduction 2

• Everyone eats. And every time we put food in our
  mouths we run the risk of choking. Many people
  die each year from choking on food. Today I want
  to teach you how to save the life of a person who
  is choking.

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Presentation Outline

• Attention Getters Motivators
• Preview
• Conclusions
• In Brief

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AMPAn Effective Introduction

• 1. Attention Getter
• Gets the audiences attention.
• 2. Motivator
• Makes the audience aware of the topics
  importance.
• 3. PREVIEW!!!
• 1) Introduces the topic.
• 2) Presents the thesis
• 3) Forecasts the major points in the speech

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6 Other Tips

• 1. Establishes the speakers credibility.
• 2. Establishes common ground
• 3. Establishes a good rapport with the audience.
  (promote good will)
• 4. Sets a Tone (Payne)
• 5.Refer to the occasion, audience, a local event,
  or some other part of the program
• 6. Compliment the audience (Fletcher 298).

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Attention Getters Motivators

• Quotations
• Rhetorical questions
• References to history, audience, self
• Humor
• Startling statement
• Incident
• (Payne 100-103)

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1.Quotations

• President John F. Kennedy once said, The United
  States must move very fast to even stand still.
  Since President Kennedy made that observation
  over thirty years ago, the advances in technology
  have made it even more important for this country
  to prepare its students for a competitive world.
  
• (Payne 101)

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Classified Quotes

• As a child, a library card takes you to exotic,
  faraway places. When you're grown up, a credit
  card does it. -- Sam Ewing (Readers Digest, Dec,
  1997)
• Computers will never take the place of books. You
  can't stand on a floppy disk to reach a high
  shelf. Sam Ewing (Amusing quotes on computers
  http//www.amusingquotes.com/)
• "I've never let my school interfere with my
  education."  (Mark Twain)

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• Whatever women do they must do twice as well as
  men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is
  not difficult. -- Charlotte Whitton (quoted in
  Canada Monthly, Jun 1963)
• Women have a passion for mathematics. They divide
  their age in half, double the price of their
  clothes, and always add at least five years to
  the age of their best friend. -- Marcel Achard
• All men are not homeless, but some men are home
  less than others. -- Henry Youngman
• A man in the house is worth two in the street.
  -- Mae West

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Leadership Quoteshttp//www.heartquotes.net/Leade
rship.html

• Christina BaldwinTo work in the world lovingly
  means that we are defining what we will be for,
  rather than reacting to what we are against.
• Robert K. GreenleafThe only test of leadership
  is that somebody follows.
• Lance Secretan, Industry Week, 10/12/98Leadershi
  p is not so much about technique and methods as
  it is about opening the heart. Leadership is
  about inspirationof oneself and of others. Great
  leadership is about human experiences, not
  processes. Leadership is not a formula or a
  program, it is a human activity that comes from
  the heart and considers the hearts of others. It
  is an attitude, not a routine.

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Quotes for Graduation

• The fireworks begin today. Each diploma is a
  lighted match, each one of you is a fuse. - Ed
  Koch
• Graduation is only a concept. In real life every
  day you graduate. Graduation is a process that
  goes on until the last day of your life. If you
  can grasp that , you'll make a difference. -
  Arie Pencovici
• Great minds have purposes, others have wishes.
  - Washington Irving

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Quotations--Resources

• The Quotations Page - Your Source for Famous
  QuotesYour source for quotations from famous
  people and literature. Search or browse over
  22000 quotations from thousands of authors.
  Includes the popular Quotes ...
• Quotations in the Yahoo! Directory
• Search sites featuring famous quotes, sayings,
  quips, phrases, and proverbs. Find quotes by a
  particular person, for a special occasion, or on
  themes such ...
• Dictionary of Quotations
• searchable database of famous quotes from great
  leaders, scientists, philosophers, entertainers,
  and more. Organized by subject and author.

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2. Rhetorical Questions

• Definition A question or a series of questions
  you ask to stimulate the audiences thinking.
• Examples
• If corn oil comes from corn, where does baby oil
  come from?
• If there is no God, who pops up the next Kleenex
  in the box?
• How did a fool and his money GET together?
• What's another word for thesaurus?
• Why do they sterilize the needles for lethal
  injections?
• Why is there an expiration date on my sour cream
  container?
• Why do they call it a TV set when you only get
  one?
• (Cited from LazrChet's Humor Rhetorical
  Questions)

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Example Using Questions

• How would you feel if you could not join your
  family at dinner because you were unable to get
  through the door of the restaurant? Think what it
  would be like if you could not cross an
  intersection because the curbs were too high.
  Imagine not being able to attend the church of
  your choice because of the decorative stairs
  leading to the entrance.
• Picture yourself frustrated and humiliated
  because of these and a hundred other barriers you
  cannot overcome. You are now seeing yourself as
  many of the 11.3 million handicapped people in
  America see themselves.
• (Lucas 170)

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Reference to History, Audience, or Self

• Reference to History
• Five score years ago, a great American, in
  whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the
  Emancipation Proclamation. (King I Have a
  Dream)
• Reference to self
• Forty years ago when I graduated from high
  school, the world was a different place than it
  is for graduates today. Computers had not taken
  over the world. Students did not have to prepare
  to change jobs or careers at least six times in
  their lives. (Payne 101)

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Reference to History, Audience, or Self

• Reference to the audience
• I have many friends to thank tonight. I thank
  the voters who supported me. I thank the gallant
  men who entered the contest for the presidency
  this year, and who have honored me with their
  support. And, for their kind and stirring words,
  I thank Governor Tom Kean of New Jersey - Senator
  Phil Gramm of Texas - President Gerald Ford - and
  my friend, President Ronald Reagan.
• I accept your nomination for President. I mean, I
  mean to run hard, to fight hard, to stand on the
  issues - and I mean to win. (George H.W. Bush
  1988 Republican National Convention Acceptance
  Address)

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Humor Communication in Fun

• "The most favorable condition for comic pleasure
  is a generally happy disposition in which one is
  in the mood for laughter. In happy toxic states
  almost everything seems comic. We laugh at the
  expectation of laughing, at the appearance of one
  who is presenting the comic material (sometimes
  even before he she attempts to make us laugh),
  and finally, we laugh at the recollection of
  having laughed." (Freud Qtd. Get Them in Fun)

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Humor Serious Issues

• When the speakers contrast the seriousness of a
  problem with the lightness of a joke, they can
  emphasize a message quickly. (Payne 101) Avoid
  personal offense.

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Humor Leadership

• Business executives and political leaders have
  embraced humor because humor works. Humor has
  gone from being an admirable part of a leader's
  character to a mandatory one.
• (Bob Orben, Special Assistant to President Gerald
  Ford and Former Director of the White House
  Speech writing Department. Qtd. Why Use Humor

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How to Make a Point with Humor

• 1. Make your point.
• 2. Illustrate your point (in our example below
  we're using a humorous two-liner, but you could
  use props, humorous props, funny stories, serious
  stories, case studies, etc.)
• 3. Restate your point. (Advanced Public Speaking
  Institute)
• Example 'The Importance of Communication.'
• 1. First make your point by saying,
• Accurate and clear communication is an important
  part of our everyday lives.
• 2. Then illustrate your point. In this case use a
  humorous two-liner.
• It's like the student pilot who was asked over
  the radio to state his altitude and location. He
  said, 'I'm five feet nine and I'm in the left
  seat.'
• 3. Then restate your point in a slightly
  different manner by saying,
• You can see how what we may think is clear
  communication could be interpreted incorrectly
  especially when people are under pressure.

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College Humor

• It is always darkest . . . just before you flunk
  a test.
• Two college seniors had a week of exams coming
  up. They decided to party instead. Their biggest
  exam was on Wednesday and they showed up telling
  the professor that their car had broken down the
  night before due to a very flat tire and they
  needed a bit more time to study.
• The professor told them that they could have
  another day to study. That evening, both of the
  boys crammed all night until they were sure that
  they knew just about everything.
• Arriving to class the next morning, each boy was
  told to go to two separate classrooms to take the
  exam. Each boy just shrugged and went to two
  different parts of the building. As each sat
  down, they read the directions
• "For 5 points, explain the contents of an atom.
  For 95 points, tell me WHICH tire it was!"

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Startling Statement

• Stop! Before you take another bite out of a
  peanut butter and jelly sandwich, think about the
  fact that it may be slowly killing you. How?
  Simple. There is a natural substance in peanut
  known as aflatoxin that could cause cancer. But
  then, you ask, what in our food doesnt cause
  cancer? (Payne 102)
• Attention! The head of the American League is in
  favor of Medicare!
• (Fletcher 278 qtd. Larry Kings book Larry King
  yelled to the Miami City Council, with lots of
  retired people as audience who are there for
  entertainment lobbying for senior citizenswhen
  he was invited to talk about brining baseball to
  Miami.)

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• Ladies and gentlemen, there has been a change of
  plans. Instead of graduating from school, you are
  going to be doing something elsesomething very
  different. I am asking you right now to change
  your plans. I want you to put three simple words
  on your calendar in the near future. The words
  areWorld War III.
• (Lucas The Art of Public Speaking 171)

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Incident

• One night, last year, a friend of mine was
  walking to her car. Suddenly she was attacked.
  She wasnt hurt badly. In fact, she was more
  shocked and frightened than hurt. But this made
  me think about my own safety. I decided to take
  a class in self-defense. I found there are
  several basic ways people can protect themselves.
  Today, Id like to show you two ways you can
  stop someone from attacking you. (qtd. From
  Porter)

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Preview

• 1.After a hard day at work or school, we all like
  to relax, dont we? (general topic of relaxation)
• 2.Each of you probably has your own favorite way
  to relax (specific topic ways of relaxation) .
• 3.Perhaps you like to listen to music, or maybe
  you like to have a hot cup of tea and read the
  newspaper. (ways)
• 4.Now these are certainly good ways to relax, but
  not for me.
• 5.You may think Im crazy, but when I want to
  relax, I like to go out and run ten miles.
• 6.By running, I get rid of built-in tension and,
  at the same time, I meet new people. (preview 2
  reasons for running)
• (Cited from Porter, Patricia et.al. Communicating
  Effectively in English Oral Communication for
  Non-native Speakers 81)

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4 Tasks in Conclusion

• Get to your point
• Summarize specific, precise points
• Finish with something well remember.
• But most of allFinish, please.
• (Fletcher 300)

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Conclusions RTFCM

• 1. Review of Your Main Points
• 2.Use the Attention Getter Techniques.
• 3.Return to the theme of Your attention getter.
• 4.Look to the Future.
• 5.Call for Action
• 6.Memorable lines or images

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Review Summary of Your Main Points

• So now we know that the three elements of
  eliminating the body of toxins are eliminating or
  reducing animal foods, keeping ourselves well
  hydrated, and also adopting a natural whole food
  diet. Because, as Hippocrates said, Wellness
  starts within ourselves. So, we have to be our
  own physician. Thank you, and be well.
  (Verderber 223)

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Review Key Pointswith repetitions

• Four reasons, ladies and gentlemen, stand out as
  to why we must not let the incumbent mayor
  continue in office.
• He must not continue because he is dishonest.
• He must not continue because he is prejudiced.
• He must not continue because he is hard to work
  with.
• And he must not continue because he is out of
  date.

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• Review Key points Return to The Theme
• After two billion dollars, six years, countless
  work hours, and more scientific genius than had
  ever been accumulated at one time in human
  history, the script was written. And a new kind
  of war more horrible than ever before had been
  invented.
• In 1947, Secretary of War Henry Stimson summed up
  how the Manhattan Project had changed our lives
• The face of war is the face of death.War in
  the 20th century has grown steadily more
  barbarous, more destructive, more debased in all
  its aspects. Now, with the release of atomic
  energy, mans ability to destroy himself is very
  nearly complete. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima
  and Nagasaki ended a war. They also made it
  wholly clear that we must never have another
  war.
• Despite the controversy over nuclear weapons,
  one thing is sure. The Manhattan Project is a
  story of men and women committed to scientific
  discovery and patriotism. It is a story worth
  retelling. (The Manhattan Project Payne)

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Return to the Theme--PS

• Those, then, are some special, insiders tips on
  how to make a good speech. Remember the two
  simple guides I suggested at the opening of the
  speechto give a good speech, have a good
  beginning and have a good ending. Theres one
  more tipkeep them close together! (Fletcher
  299)

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Return to the Theme in Intro.

• Now, I begin this speech by commenting to you on
  the uniqueness of a Barbara Jordan making the
  keynote address.
• Well I am going to close my speech by quoting a
  Republican President and I ask you that as you
  listen to these words of Abraham Lincoln, relate
  them to the concept of national community in
  which every last one of us participates

35

• As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a
  master. This expresses my idea of Democracy.
  Whatever differs from this, to the extent of the
  difference is no Democracy.
• ---Abraham
  Lincoln

36
Look to the Future

• 1.Some men see things as they are, and ask,
  Why? I dare to dream of things that never were,
  and ask, Why not?
• (Robert Browning qtd. Fletcher 299)

37

• 2.
• Thus we have seen the past and the present of
  our problems of mass transportation.
• But what of the future?
• It is in your hands, ladies and gentlemen
  you, as our city council, can write the future of
  transportation through the vote you are now about
  to cast.
• May your decision not be based on a misty look at
  the past, not a blurred glance at the present.
  But rather, may your decision be based on a clear
  vision of our future. (Fletcher 299)

38
Call for Action

• Tonight I ask everyone in this chamberand every
  Americanto look into their hearts, spark their
  hopes, and fire their imaginations. There is so
  much good, so much possibility, so much
  excitement in our nation. If we act boldly as
  leaders should, our legacy will be one of
  progress and prosperity. This, then, is
  Americans new direction. Let us summon our
  courage to seize the day.
• Thank you very much. Good night. And may God
  bless America.
• President Bill Clinton Address to the Joint
  Session of Congress, Washington D.C. (Fletcher
  299)

39
Memorable Lines Images

• If fortune drives the master forth an outcast in
  the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful
  dog asks no higher privilege than that of
  accompanying him, to guard him against danger, to
  fight against his enemies. And when the last
  scene of all comes, and death takes his master in
  its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold
  ground, no matter if all other friends pursue
  their way, there by the graveside will the noble
  dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes
  sad, but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and
  true even in death. (A Tribute to the Dog)

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Memorable Lines

• Science has taught us how to put the atom to
  work. But to make it work for good instead of
  for evil lies in the domain of dealing with the
  principles of human duty. We are now facing a
  problem more of ethics than of physics.
• The solution will require apparent sacrifice in
  pride and in position, but better pain as the
  price of peace than death as the price of war.

41
To Conclude

• It is recommended by Fletcher that a speech be
  arranged with the following formula
• I. Introduction 10-15
• II. Discussion 80
• III. Conclusion 10 or less

42

• We have learned AMP for Introductions
• We have learned 4 tasks for Conclusions

43

• Our explorations into the skills for effective
  introductions and conclusions have come to an
  end, but our explorations into the great speaker
  within ourselves have just begun.

44

• Let us refer to the 80 of our speech and work on
  the last 20 of it, one which decides if our
  audience will listen to us and the other, if they
  ever remember it.

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The Podium Is Yours Now!
46
References

• Advanced Public Speaking Institute.
  lthttp//www.public-speaking.org/public-speaking-po
  intwithhumor-article.htmgt
• Amusing quotes on computers http//www.amusingquot
  es.com/)
• Copeland, Lewis, and Lawrence W. Lamm. The
  Worlds Great Speeches. Third Enlarged Ed.
  Mineola, N. Y. Dover, 1973.
• Dictionary of Quotations
• Fletcher, Leon. How to Design and Deliver a
  Speech. Sixth Ed. New York Longman, 1998.
• Heart Quotes Center. lthttp//www.heartquotes.net/
  Leadership.htmlgt
• Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking.
  3rd. Ed. Singapore McGrew-Hill, 1989.
• Microsoft PowerPoint - public-spkng-workshop
• Payne, James, and Diana Prentice Carlin. Getting
  Started in Public Speaking. 3rd Ed. Lincolnwood
  National Textbook Company, 1994.
• Porter, Patricia A., Margaret Grant, and Mary
  Draper. Communicating Effectively in English
  Oral Communication for Non-Native Speakers.
  Belmont, California Wadsworth, 1985.
• Quotations in the Yahoo! Directory
• The Quotations Page - Your Source for Famous
  Quotes
• Verderber, Rudolph. The Challenge of Effective
  Speaking. Eleventh Ed. Belmont, CA
  Wadsworth/Thomson, 2000.