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Hunting and Gathering vs' Agriculture

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Title: Hunting and Gathering vs' Agriculture


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Hunting and Gathering vs. Agriculture
  • Hunting/Gathering
  • 75 food from gathering, 25 from hunting wide
    variety of plants and animals
  • Small groups little privacy uniform beliefs
  • Migratory existence following seasonal
    fluctuations
  • No need to save for future or plan activities
  • Agriculture
  • Dependence on a few crops
  • Large communities
  • Great sensitivity to time/calendar
  • Emphasis on seasonal hard labor discipline
  • All food collected at one time requires
    distribution and management storage important

14
Transition
  • Transition from hunting/gathering to agriculture
    started in some areas (Zagros, Nile) as far back
    as 10-12 thousand years ago
  • Over time, it became more widespread arose in
    many different areas, possibly independently

15
Costs and Benefits of Agriculture
  • Costs
  • Loss of mobile lifestyle
  • Risk of disaster greater because of
    specialization
  • Less varied diet causes nutritional problems
  • Benefits
  • Sedentary lifestyle allows development of
    civilization
  • Potentially much greater food production in good
    years

16
Pastoralism
  • Herding of livestock can be intermediate stage
    between hunting/gathering and agriculture
  • Free range/nomadic vs. established pastures
  • Often coexists constructively with agriculture
    sometimes as raiders

17
Ancient Greece
  • Useful resource site
  • http//www.wsu.edu8080/dee/GREECE/GREECE.HTM

18
Map of Ancient Greece
19
Greek Culture
  • Greeks were active from about 1600 B.C. (start of
    Mycenaen culture)
  • Archaic Period runs 800-500 B.C. as Greeks form
    city-states, first ruled by kings and then by
    oligarchy or democracy (true democracy)
  • Many powerful states rose and fell Greek
    colonists spread to surrounding Mediterranean
    region

20
Democracy
  • By 500-600 B.C., most Greek city-states (each was
    a polis) had moved away from tyrrany
  • Two main types of government arose different
    details in each city-state
  • Oligarchy (rule by a small group)
  • Democracy (rule by the people demos)
  • Not like modern democracy
  • Not representative all members of class
    participate, but the class is restricted
  • Only free, male citizens could participate
  • No women, slaves, foreigners (defined loosely)

21
Athens
  • Athens had fertile land nearby major crops were
    olives, grapes, and wheat
  • Wheat farming (by poor) collapsed, while olives
    and grapes did well
  • Economic structure of society became very extreme
    poor farmers eventually went into debt, and
    sold themselves and families into slavery while
    wealthy landowners prospered
  • Solon (594 BC) reforms society as a tyrant
    cancels all debt, makes it illegal to sell
    oneself into slavery but this didnt fix wealth
    problem

22
Athens
  • Peisistratus comes after Solon further reforms
    society by giving more power to poorer classes,
    and allows society to be more democratic (if his
    party won)
  • His son (Hippias) is not as competent or
    well-liked
  • Athenian nobility prevails on Sparta to invade in
    510 B.C.
  • Sparta sets up normal relationship Athens is
    free, but must send money to Sparta and assist
    militarily

23
Spartans
  • Sparta became a major military power, with a very
    different culture from Athens
  • More gender equity women educated, free to
    leave home
  • Mandatory military service until age 30
  • Conquest of Messeneans (725) for land followed by
    nearly-successful uprising (640 BC) produced odd
    social structure
  • Spartans ruled neighboring Messeneans as helots
    despite being outnumbered 10-1
  • Spartans earned both respect and derision from
    neighbors

24
Map of Ancient Greece
25
Greek History
  • 499-479 B.C. - Greeks were in constant conflict
    with Persian Empire, which basically controlled
    the rest of the known world
  • Despite being outnumbered and outspent, Greeks
    consistently defeated Persians, including a major
    victory at Marathon in 490 B.C.

26
Athenean Empire, 478-445
  • Following defeat of Persia, Athens had an
    extensive navy and some allies
  • They formed the Delian Pact - a system of
    alliances (kind of a set of united states) where
    the other city-states provided payments and
    Athens provided military force.
  • This period produced much of the drama, poetry,
    philosophy, and architecture for which the Greeks
    are known - Pindar, Sophocles, Euripides,
    Hippocrates, Aeschylus

27
Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
  • Sparta sees rise of Athens is threatened they
    fight occasionally throughout Athenian Empire
  • Both sides fight using their strengths (Sparta on
    land, Athens at sea) assuming the others will
    wear out
  • Both sides wear out 30-year truce eventually
    declared in 445 B.C., but broken in 431 B.C.
  • Pericles, great Athenian military leader and
    democratic reformer, dies shortly thereafter (429
    B.C.)

28
Reign of Sparta - 404-371 B.C.
  • Sparta ruled over Athens and its former allies,
    but was hampered by continued warring with Thebes
  • Socrates dies Plato builds his Academy in Athens
  • Thebes eventually crushes Sparta and starts a
    short-lived period of rule over Athens and other
    states
  • Athens breaks free and is independent again for a
    few years.

29
Map of Ancient Greece
30
Philip II of Macedon
  • Macedon was a border state, near European tribes
  • Never fully democratic always kept kings
  • Philip was ambitious (took kingship while regent
    for infant nephew) and saw weakness and confusion
    to south

31
Hellenistic Greece - 359-323 B.C.
  • Phillip of Macedon takes throne in 359
  • Pacifies European tribes
  • Defeats Athens and allies in 338 B.C.
  • Pushes into Greece takes more territory sets up
    government
  • Declares war on Persian Empire in 336 B.C., but
    is assassinated later that year

32
Alexanders Exploits - 336-323 B.C.
  • Philips son, Alexander, takes over for Philip at
    21 years old, after heroics in defeat of Athens
    three years earlier.
  • By 334 B.C., Alexander has launched conquest of
    Persia.
  • Very successful strategy - Alexander has no money
    and a small army, but its enough to take coastal
    towns and prevent Persian landings.

33
Alexanders Exploits - 336-323 B.C.
  • Alexander would always ride into the thick of
    battle, leading cavalry - earned respect of his
    soldiers and fear from his enemies
  • Took most of Persian Empire, including,
    Palestine, Egypt, Phoenecia, and finally
    Mesopotamia and Babylon in 330 B.C.
  • That was the whole known world, but Alexander
    wanted more - pushed into Pakistan and India, but
    finally gave up.

34
Alexanders Final Days
  • Alexander retreated from the western front and
    consolidated his force in Babylon - he actually
    was the king of the world
  • He made plans for further conquest and for
    governing
  • In 323, he caught a fever and died at age 33, and
    his empire rapidly fell apart into sections

35
Hellenistic Greece
  • Everywhere the Greeks conquered, they spread
    their language, religion, technology, government,
    philosophy, and poetry.
  • They also absorbed other ideas and religions -
    this set the stage for the rapid spread of
    Christianity several centuries later.

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Climate and Greek History
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Climate and Greek History
38
Climate and Greek History
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