IssueCongressional Interest

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UAVs for Homeland Defense
Colonel Marc Dippold, USAF NORAD Strategy, Policy
Plans
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Outline

• Context
• Potential Futures
• Threats
• HLS vs HLD
• NORAD and NORTHCOM Missions
• UAV
• Interest
• Employment
• Potential applications
• Concerns
• Requirements
• Initiatives
• Questions

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Context
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Many Potential Futures

• Key Factors
• Terrorist Threat / Attacks
• Future of GWOT
• Outcome of war in Iraq
• Future on Korean Peninsula
• Evolution of DHS
• Evolution of DOD role in HLS
• Political Environment
• Defense budget trends
• Evolution of Missile Defense
• Emerging technologies

S C O P E O F M I S S I O N

• WMD attacks in CONUS
• Collapse of ctr-proliferation
• Extended war in Iraq
• Growth in DOD role in CT
• Growth in DOD role in HLS
• Growth in DOD budget

Exponential Growth

• Non-WMD terror attacks
• Erosion of ctr-proliferation
• Reliance by DHS on DOD

Marginal Growth

• Stability in threat level
• Slow growth of DHS
• Flat budget lines

Stabilize

• Reduced threat level
• DOD budget constraints
• Delayed missile defense
• Emergence of strong DHS
• Reduced DOD role in HLS

Decline
TIME
NOW
Scope of mission depends on numerous variables,
most of which are beyond our control
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Two Viewpoints on Future Threats
Ten Men Analogy The historical trend line of
how much damage 10 individuals can do to a
nation state
Amount of Damage
1600
1700
1800
2000
1900
Amount of Damage
Rogue State Analogy The historical trend line
of how much damage a lesser power can do in a
war with a major power
We have to consider both
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Threat Spectrum
NATIONAL SECURITY THREATS
LAW ENFORCEMENT THREATS
STATE ACTORS - CONVENTIONAL THREATS
NON - STATE ACTORS - CRIMINAL THREATS
NON - STATE ACTORS - UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Defense
NORAD / USNORTHCOM
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HLS vs HLD

• Homeland Security
• Homeland security is the prevention, preemption,
  and deterrence of, and defense against,
  aggression targeted at U.S. territory,
  sovereignty, domestic population, and
  infrastructure as well as the management of the
  consequences of such aggression and other
  domestic emergencies. Homeland security is a
  national team effort that begins with local,
  state and federal organizations.
• Homeland Defense
• Homeland defense is the protection of U.S.
  territory, domestic population and critical
  infrastructure against military attacks emanating
  from outside the United States.

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HLD Layered Defense
Forward Regions
USNORTHCOM AOR
Forward Regions
Homeland
Away Game Strategy for HLD
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NORAD Mission

• NORAD continuously provides worldwide
  detection, validation and warning of a ballistic
  missile attack on North America, and maintains
  continental detection, validation, warning and
  aerospace control of air breathing threats to
  North America, to include peacetime air
  sovereignty alert and appropriate aerospace
  defense measures in response to hostile actions
  against North America.

Bi-national Aerospace Warning Aerospace
Control
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NORTHCOM Mission

• NORTHCOM conducts operations to deter, prevent
  and defeat threats and aggression aimed at the
  United States, its territories and interests
  within the assigned area of responsibility, and
  provides military assistance to civil authorities
  including consequence management operations, as
  directed by the President or the Secretary of
  Defense.

Unilateral All Domain
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UAVs
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UAV Interest

• Given the success of UAV operations over
  Afghanistan and Iraq, this is a popular topic
  during transformation discussions
• Senator Warner (while Chairman of SASC, 1999 -
  2001) initiated efforts to expand U.S. military
  use of UAVs
• In prepared statement to SASC by DEPSECDEF, UAVs
  have been labeled transformational and will be
  a key component of the DOD initiative to
  transform military CONOPs
• Secretary Rumsfeld added over 1 billion to the
  UAV program in the FY 2003 defense budget to spur
  progress in this critical capability
• FY 2004 National Defense Authorization Act
  required a Report to Congress on the potential
  use of UAVs for Homeland Security missions
  report finalized 31 March 2004

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DOD UAV Employment

• Support to Border Patrol
• Detection and monitoring within 25 miles of the
  Southwest Border
• Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6) providing UAV
  tactical reconnaissance in direct support of
  counter-narcotics operations along the
  Arizona-Mexico border using RQ-5 Hunter and RQ-7
  Shadow UAVs
• Support to US Customs Service
• Detection and monitoring along Florida coastal
  areas
• Support to US Forest Service
• Daylight reconnaissance in search of illegal
  marijuana fields

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DHS UAV Employment

• Border Security
• Department of Homeland Security providing two
  Hermes UAVs for border surveillance
• Coast Guard mission for land-based UAVs
• USCG Mariner UAV using high resolution camera to
  spot new fires and confirm the position of
  existing fires
• Critical Infrastructure protection
• Transportation safety
• (particularly monitoring of hazardous material
  movements)

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Potential UAV Applications

• Emergency response communication node support
• Deployable cell phone system, data relay, or GPS
  pseudolite
• Surveillance
• Border patrol, coastal patrol, and critical
  infrastructure protection to provide a common
  operating picture
• Assessment
• Transportation vehicle monitoring and urban
  environment sensors to support Law Enforcement
  Agencies
• Deterrence
• Persistent visible station-keeping (similar to
  air patrols) over high-value targets to
  supplement existing military capabilities or
  civilian Law Enforcement Agencies
• Lethal
• Armed UAVs against a target in the Area of
  Responsibility that is not in a position to be
  interdicted any other way

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UAV Related Concerns - Safety

• Homeland Security document Unmanned Aerial
  Vehicle Applications to Homeland Security
  Missions dated 31 March 2004
• Mishap rates calculated per 100,000 flying hours
• General Aviation 1.22
• Tactical Military Aircraft 3 to 6
• UAV mishap rate 32 to 334
• New technology and safety precautions critical to
  reduce risk of UAV employment, especially over
  high-density areas

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UAV Related Concerns - Legal

• Privacy and civil liberties
• Executive Order 12333 DOD Directives
• Rules of Engagement / Rules for Use of Force
• FAA National Certificate of Authorization
• Sense and avoid system for cooperative and
  non-cooperative traffic
• Lost-link procedures are critical

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NORAD Requirements

• Cueing
• Integrated intelligence system providing timely
  cueing of threat platforms using common
  applications and databases
• Surveillance
• Multi-dimensional over-the-horizon surveillance,
  detection, and tracking family of systems
  providing a consistent and accurate maritime and
  air picture of cruise missile threats and launch
  platforms
• Identification
• Capability to identify air and surface threats
  to allow weapons employment and to eliminate
  possibility of mistakenly engaging friendly
  platforms
• Engagement
• Effective weapon systems that will deliver
  lethal engagement capability to the threats
  systems and their supporting platforms
• Assessment
• Effective combat assessment process

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NORAD Initiatives High Altitude Airship

• Objective Design and produce a
• lighter-than-air high altitude airship
• Concept of Operations includes HLD and HLS
  activities
• Four Commanders stated need for HAA capability
  (NORAD, PACOM, CENTCOM, USFK)

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NORAD InitiativesLow Altitude Air Threat
Detection
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NORAD InitiativesFamily of Systems
One system will not do it all
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Canadian UAV Program

• Canadian Forces Experimentation Centre
• 3 years of work with UAVs
• Transitioning from experimentation to capability
  delivery
• Standup of UAV Joint Program Office and UAV
  Battle Lab
• Four systems
• Mini UAV Silverfox already at CFB Gagetown
• Vertical takeoff UAV from ship 2010
• Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV 2010
• Synthetic Environment Lab - Ottawa

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Questions?