GOAL ONE 1'03

1
GOAL ONE1.03

• The New Nation (1789-1820)
• The learner will identify, investigate, and
  assess the effectiveness of the institutions of
  the emerging republic.
• Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships
  with Britain, France, and other nations.

2
XYZ Affair

• (1797-98), scandal caused by three French agents
  offering bribes to U.S. representatives who were
  attempting to negotiate a treaty with France. The
  incident almost led the two countries to war.
  Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall, and Charles C.
  Pinckney were sent to France by President John
  Adams to negotiate difficulties resulting from
  Jay's Treaty and French seizure of American
  ships.

3
XYZ Affair

• French agents, later identified by the American
  envoys only as X, Y, and Z, demanded a loan of
  12 million and payment of a 250,000 bribe to
  French foreign minister Charles Maurice
  Talleyrand before discussions could take place.
  The terms were refused, and Adams reported the
  mission's failure to Congress. The publication of
  the correspondence regarding the affair led to
  anger in the United States and to two years of
  fighting between French and American ships,
  although there was no official declaration of war.

4
Convention of 1800

• In 1799 Adams, to the intense disgust of the
  Federalist leader, Alexander Hamilton, named
  William Vans Murray the U.S. minister to France
  and assigned Oliver Ellsworth and William
  Richardson Davie to accompany him. The result was
  the Treaty of Mortefontaine (Sept. 30, 1800),
  known as the Convention of 1800, a commercial
  agreement that improved relations between the
  United States and France.

5
Impressment of seamen

• the forcible seizure of men from American ships
  to serve in the British navy during the early
  1800s. Searching for deserters, the British had
  impressed over six thousand American sailors by
  the end of 1807, despite repeated American
  protests and interventions, including the Embargo
  Act. Impressment was a major cause of the War of
  1812.

6
Embargo Act 1807

• (1807), a law passed by Congress preventing
  exports from American ports, thus keeping
  American ships from leaving and in effect
  prohibiting imports by foreign ships since they
  would have to depart empty. President Thomas
  Jefferson requested the action in response to the
  Chesapeake-Leopard incident in which a British
  ship attacked an American naval vessel. His
  intent was to put pressure on rivals Great
  Britain and France by depriving them of goods and
  American trade. But the embargo backfired when
  the profits of American merchants plummeted.
  Highly unpopular, the embargo was repealed by
  Congress in 1809 and was replaced by the
  Non-Intercourse Act.

7
President Washingtons Proclamation of Neutrality

• (April 22, 1793), declaration by George
  Washington of neutrality toward all warring
  nations. Issued during the European wars between
  England and France, the proclamation forbade
  American ships from carrying war supplies to the
  fighting countries. Congress passed the
  Neutrality Act of June 5, 1794, to reinforce the
  proclamation.

8
President Washingtons Farewell Address

• was delivered in 1796 as then President
  Washington was leaving office. Washington, like
  many of his contemporaries, did not understand or
  believe in political parties, and saw them as
  fractious agencies subversive of domestic
  tranquility. When political parties began forming
  during his administration, and in direct response
  to some of his policies, he failed to comprehend
  that parties would be the chief device through
  which the American people would debate and
  resolve major public issues. It was his fear of
  what parties would do to the nation that led
  Washington to draft his farewell address.

9
War Hawks

• name for southern and western leaders who favored
  war with Great Britain in 1810-12. The War Hawks,
  named by political adversary John Randolph of
  Virginia, were young Democratic-Republicans who
  gained significant power in Congress, such as
  Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun of South
  Carolina, Felix Grundy of Tennessee, and Richard
  M. Johnson of Kentucky.

10
War of 1812

• (1812-15), a conflict between Great Britain and
  the United States, sometimes called "the second
  war for independence" and "Mr. Madison's war."
  During the war between France and England
  starting in 1793, the British put blockades on
  European ports to restrict American merchant
  shipping with France. About 1807 the British
  stepped up impressments of American seamen into
  their navy. The United States passed the Embargo
  Act, which banned all exports and limited
  American shipping to coastal trade. In 1810 a
  group of young Democratic-Republican congressmen
  from the West called War Hawks urged that the
  United States defend itself against the British
  (who were inciting the Indians along the Great
  Lakes frontier) and invade Canada.

11
Battle of New Orleans

• (January 8, 1815), final military engagement
  between British and American troops during the
  War of 1812. Unknown to either side, the Treaty
  of Ghent had been signed ending the war two weeks
  before the battle was fought. The British fleet,
  hoping to gain control of the Mississippi River,
  faced an army of frontier militiamen headed by
  Gen. Andrew Jackson near New Orleans, Louisiana.
  Aided by French pirate Jean Laffite, the American
  victory resulted in the loss of over thousand
  British soldiers and fewer than twenty American
  casualties in a battle that lasted about an hour.
  This victory made Jackson a national hero and
  enhanced his political future.

12
Adams-Onis Treaty

• The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), also known as the
  Transcontinental Treaty, solved two problems.
  Citizens of Georgia wanted the United States to
  purchase eastern Florida from Spain because
  Seminole natives frequently raided the state and
  then retreated to the Spanish territory. Spain
  wanted to establish the boundary between Mexico
  and the Louisiana Purchase before too many
  American settlers moved into the area. John
  Quincy Adams, secretary of state under President
  James Monroe, negotiated the treaty with Luís de
  Onís of Spain.

13
Jays Treaty

• (1794-95), agreement between the United States
  and Great Britain to resolve violations of the
  Treaty of Paris following the American
  Revolution. Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay,
  this became the United States' first treaty. The
  English agreed to withdraw from their fur-trading
  posts in the Northwest Territory, settle boundary
  disputes, and pay American shipowners for ships
  they had seized. The treaty failed to solve the
  problem of British impressment of American
  sailors, contributing to its unpopularity,
  especially among the Democratic-Republicans.

14
Pinkneys Treaty

• (October 27, 1795), agreement establishing U.S.
  commercial relations with Spain and fixing the
  southern boundary of the United States at the
  thirty-first parallel. The treaty, negotiated by
  Thomas Pinckney, also allowed Americans to land
  goods at New Orleans tax-free and granted free
  navigation of the Mississippi River.