P1246990943omCdy

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Back in the Ancient Day

• Evidence of human settlement in the Western
  Hemisphere dating to 35,000 BC
• People as Kitty Chow?
• Impact of hunting technology
• Spread of nomadic groups
• Differentiation by region
• Lack of surface mineral deposits (iron)

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Back in the Ancient Day
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Back in the Ancient Day
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Back in the Ancient Day
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Pre-Columbian Civilizations Meso-America and
Points South

• Mayans (AD 300-900)
• Highly advanced
• Descendants of Egyptians (Hammerdahl)?
• End of the world?
• Aztecs (1215-1519)
• Legend of Tenochtitlan
• More advanced than many European nations
• Bad timing on the part of Montezuma (Moctezuma)
• Gimme That Old Time Religion maybe not
• Incas
• Vast stretched empire along western coast of S.
  America
• Large reserves of precious metals
• May have contacted the Chinese

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Pre-Columbian CivilizationsNorth America

• Very few organized tribal groups
• Iroquois Confederation in the Northeast
• Powhatan Confederation in Virginia
• Civilized Tribes of the Southeast
• Mound-builders of the Mississippi
• Cahokia
• Anastazi of the Southwest
• Navajos and pueblos

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Native Groups in Texas

• Coastal groups Karankawas, Coahuilticans,
  Anahuacs
• Cannibals!?
• Caddos western branch of Mound-builders
• Xinesi and caddi
• Trade-based society
• Jumanos of the Trans-Pecos
• Mixture of pastoralists and nomads
• Migrants from out west
• Later displaced by Apache and Comanche

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Native Groups in Texas

• The Apache, Comanche, Kiowa and Tonkawas were
  late (post-1700) arrivals in Texas
• Impact of the horse
• Loosely organized
• Largely nomadic
• Feared by their neighbors

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But what about Europe at the time?

• Crusades --knowledge and a bit of flavor
• Black Death
• End of feudal manor system
• Growth of cities
• Emergence of (pre-)modern governments
• Nations
• Strong monarchs
• Mercantilism
• Renaissance
• Difficulty of Eastern trade

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But what about Europe at the time?

• Reconquista
• Iberian Peninsula largely conquered by Muslims
  from North Africa in AD 700s
• Next 800 years the pushback
• Non -Christians were evicted by end of 15th
  century Jews as well as Muslims
• Legacy reconquista as Crusade
• Convert, get out or get killed
• Spanish unification an ultimate goal
• Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella

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APPEAL OF ASIA

• Spices pepper, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, cloves
  helped cover the taste of spoiled meat
• Tropical foods rice, figs, oranges
• Other goods perfumes, silk cotton, rugs,
  textiles, dyestuffs, fine steel products,
  precious stones, various drugs
• Venetian and Muslim middle-men made huge profits
• Cut out the middle-man, make tons of money

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PRINCE HENRY the NAVIGATOR

• The third son of John I of Portugal, Henry became
  interested in navigation and exploration
• Ships were clumsy, instruments for reckoning
  latitude were inaccurate at best, and there were
  no instruments for figuring longitude
• Henry attempted to improve and codify
  navigational knowledge

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PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES(African American
Experience)

• Henrys captains sailed westward to the Madeiras,
  the Canaries and south along the coast of Africa
• In 1445, Dinis Dias reached Cape Verde
• In the 1480s King John II undertook systematic
  new explorations focusing on reaching India

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COLUMBUS

• A weavers son from Genoa, Christopher Columbus
  was committed to the westward route to India and
  when the Portuguese showed no interest, he went
  to Spain
• There he received the funds to equip the Pinta,
  Niña, and Santa Maria, the title Admiral of the
  Ocean Sea, political control over all lands
  discovered, and 10 of the profits from trade
• Even after three additional voyages, continued to
  believe he had found a route to Asia

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SPAINS AMERICAN EMPIRE

• In 1493, Pope Alexander VI divided the
  non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal
  and the terms of exploitation were worked out in
  the Treaty of Tordesillas
• The line that was drawn intended to leave Africa
  to Portugal and the New World to Spain but the
  South American continent protruded and, as a
  result, Brazil became Portuguese territory
• The Spanish spread out from their base on
  Hispaniola (Santo Domingo)

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Voyages of Discovery
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SPANISH DISCOVERIES

• 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus
  of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean
• 1519 Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs
• 1519 Ferdinand Magellan started 3 year voyage
  around world
• 1530s Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas

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SPANISH DISCOVERIES

• 1513 Juan Ponce de Léon explored the east coast
  of Florida
• 1520s Pánfilo de Narváez explored the Gulf Coast
  of North America westward from Florida
• His lieutenant, Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, and
  three companions (including a black slave named
  Esteban) wandered for years until they made their
  way across New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico City
  (1528-1535)

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SPANISH DISCOVERIES

• 1539-1543 Hernando de Soto traveled north from
  Florida to the Carolinas, then westward to the
  Mississippi River
• At the same time Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
  ventured as far north as Kansas and as far west
  as the Grand Canyon
• Cibolla becomes a running joke

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THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• Things Europeans gained from the New World
• Corn (maize)
• Tobacco
• Squash
• Beans
• Tomatoes
• Hot peppers
• Chocolate (cocoa)
• Potato (the one with the greatest long-term
  global impact)
• GOLD AND SILVER

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THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• Things New World natives gained from the Old
  World
• Horses
• Cattle
• Domestic sheep
• Iron and gunpowder technology
• Christianity
• DISEASE

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Mon Dieu, cest nous!

• The French posed the most immediate
• threat to the Spanish in North America
• Champlain and Canada
• St. Louis
• La Salle would give the Spanish fits
• --but they werent the only ones
• The Dutch in New Holland
• The English
• Heretics!
• Drake, Gilbert and the Sea Dogs
• Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1589 would spell
  end of Spanish domination of the New World

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Mon Dieu, cest nous!

• The French posed the most immediate
• threat to the Spanish in North America
• Champlain and Canada
• St. Louis
• La Salle would give the Spanish fits
• --but they werent the only ones
• The Dutch in New Holland
• The English
• Heretics!
• Drake, Gilbert and the Sea Dogs
• Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1589 would spell
  end of Spanish domination of the New World

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SPANISH CIVILIZATION

• Within 50 years of Columbus landfall, Spain
  controlled a huge empire
• By the early 1600s Spanish explorers had reached
  Virginia and there were small Spanish settlements
  at Saint Augustine in Florida and at Santa Fe in
  New Mexico
• By 1570s the Spanish had founded 200 cities and
  towns, set up printing presses, published
  pamphlets and books, and established universities
  in Mexico City and Lima
• New Spain would be urban-oriented
• Presidio system
• Rancheros provided the food

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SPANISH MOTIVES

• Greed for gold and power
• Sense of adventure
• Wish to improve their lives
• Desire to Christianize Indians (reconquista
  mindset)
• Jesuits vs Franciscans
• De las Casas treat the natives right! -- led to
  repeal of encomida system
• Vision of the New World as a reincarnation of the
  Garden of Eden, even expecting to find the
  Fountain of Youth

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INDIANS EUROPEANS

• The Requiermento, read in Spanish upon landing,
  promised the natives would be welcome if they did
  not resist, but that any struggle would result in
  the enslavement of both the natives and their
  families
• Laid the blame for enslavement on the victims
• Spanish were not alone, wherever Europeans landed
  they mistreated and sometimes slaughtered the
  people they encountered

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RELATIVITY OF CULTURAL VALUESReligion

• Indians worshipped a variety of gods but
  Europeans saw them as non-religious
• Worse, viewed them as heathens or even minions of
  Satan
• Some saw them as unworthy of conversion while
  others, such as the Spanish friars, believed in
  the value of conversion
• As late as 1569, when Spain introduced the
  Inquisition in the colonies, natives were exempt
  because they were viewed as incapable of rational
  judgment

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RELATIVITY OF CULTURAL VALUESEnvironment

• Indians cleared fields, burned underbrush in the
  forests, diverted rivers and streams, built roads
  and settlements, and built huge earthen mounds
• Yet due to metal plows and axes, the European
  imprint was deeper and more devastating

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RELATIVITY OF CULTURAL VALUESProperty

• Generally, Indians did not value private property
  (e.g., land)
• Horses were the exception
• Europeans saw this lack of concern for material
  things as an indication that Indians were
  childlike creatures, not to be treated as equals
• Also saw as justification to take the land and
  use it properly

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RELATIVITY OF CULTURAL VALUESGovernment

• Europeans assumed Indian chiefs ruled with the
  same authority as their own kings
• Instead Indian loyalties were shaped by complex
  kinship relations
• As a result, Europeans often accused Indians of
  treachery when some failed to honor commitments
  made by their chiefs
• Indians, for their part, did not understand such
  European customs as child rulers

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RELATIVITY OF CULTURAL VALUESLand

• Indians held land communally
• Tribal boundaries were traditional and not marked
  by treaties or fences
• Agricultural products were often stored
  communally and drawn on by all as needed
• Indians resented the intensity of European
  cultivation

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RELATIVITY OF CULTURAL VALUESWarfare

• Indians did not seek to possess land and as a
  result did not seek to destroy their enemies but
• to prove their own valor
• to avenge an insult or perceived wrong
• to acquire captives who could take the place of
  missing family members
• Preferred ambush to confrontation with a superior
  force
• Europeans preferred to fight in heavily armed
  masses that aimed to obliterate the enemy
• Most tribes unskilled at large-scale combat
• Plains tribes, however, were excellent light
  cavalry

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The Spanish in the West

• Nuevo Mexico Oñate and Santa Fe 1609
• Pueblo Rebellion when good commanders go bad
• The Jumanos ulterior motives
• Pearls and trade
• The Apaches!

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The Spanish in the East

• St. Augustine oldest new city in North America
• De La Salle in 1680s claiming the Mississippi
• Fort St. Louis?!? 1684
• Scares the bejeebers out of the Spanish
  government
• Spanish contact with the Caddos meant to serve as
  a buffer
• De Leon and Fr. Mannaset first mission in Texas
• Problems religion and lifestyle disruption
• St Denis at Natchitoches!
• But wait! Theres more! He switches sides!

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The Spanish in the East

• Nacodoches and Fr. Hidalgo
• San Antonio de Bexar 1718
• Old San Antonio Road
• La Bahia and Goliad
• Mission work along the Rio Grande
• Laredo
• Failure at San Saba
• Ultimately, Texas would never be a central part
  of the New Spain experience. Its primary
  importance (apart from missionary concerns) was
  that of a buffer.