Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches: Modern

1
2 29 07

• Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern
• 1. False memories, child abuse
• 2. Is child abuse bad for you?
• 3. Modern view of unconscious
• 4. Object relations theory neo-Freudian

2
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Holly Ramona
• Counselor Marche Isabella
• Recovering such memories
• Sodium amytal, a hypnosis drug
• Repeated questions, suggestions related to sex
  abuse
• Subsequently,

3
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Subsequent to allegations
• Loses wife
• Loses daughter
• Loses job
• Reputation irreparably damaged

4
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Gary Ramona
• Loftus, an expert witness
• there is no support that you can be repeatedly
  rapedover a period of years and totally forget
  about it
• Martin Orne, another expert witness
• Sodium amytal
• Results in untrustworthy recall
• Leads to high states of suggestibility

5
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Gary Ramona case

6
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Do psychoanalysts contribute to false memories of
  abuse?
• Low self-esteem
• Self-destructive thoughts
• Depression
• Sexual dysfunction
• Yes, but

7
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Hypnosis
• Does not actually improve memory accuracy
• Does make people more suggestible
• Can lead to imagining rather than remembering
  prior abuse

8
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Loftus 30 years of research
• Can convince you a stop sign was present when it
  wasnt
• Can convince people they got lost in a shopping
  mall at an early age
• Can convince you that you shook hands with Bugs
  Bunny as a child

9
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Memory
• But this does not mean that the memory was
  repressed?

10
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Creating false memories is easy
• Learn list
• Bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, snooze,
  blanket, doze, slumber, snore, nap, peace, yawn,
  drowsy

11
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Test was word on list?
• Snooze
• Mother
• Bed
• Television
• Sleep
• Chair

12
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Test was word on list?
• Many of the words were semantically-related to
  sleep (bed, slumber, so forth)
• In learning list, actual words prime sleep
  because related to it
• Later, sleep remembered as having occurred

13
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Thoughts (either during or after event) also
  become part of event
• Repeatedly thinking about abuse
• Talking about abuse
• Leads to creation of abuse memory

14
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• 54 neglect
• 23 physical abuse
• 12 sexual abuse
• 5.5 psychological abuse, medical neglect
• 1,100 die from abuse and neglect
• Most children lt 5

15
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Rind et al. (1998) meta-analysis of effects of
  child abuse
• reported in Psychological Bulletin
• Findings
• Not at the science
• But at Rind et al for their conclusions

16
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Is child abuse bad for you?
• (1)
• Assume that abuse must be present
• Simply couldnt believe Rind et al conclusions
• (2)
• Cited Rind et al
• See, its not bad for the children
• (3)
• Resolution condemning Rind et al (1998)
• Passed unanimously

17
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Rind et al only looked at college samples
• Perhaps other abused people never make it to
  college
• Abuse was retrospective self-reported
• How many saying they were abused
• Were actually abused?

18
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Is child abuse bad for you?
• Perhaps we would distinguish consequences from
  morality

19
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Contemporary views of unconscious
• Rather
• Operates by priming, association
• 100s of social psychology studies

20
Priming Effects in Social Psychology

• Priming make certain info more accessible
• - 1) Carver et al. (1983)
• Incidental hostility priming
• Subsequently gave more shocks
• - 2) Bargh et al. (1996)
• Incidental hostility priming
• Subsequently interrupted experimenter more often

21
Conception to Action

• Priming trait constructs should activate relevant
  behaviors
• - 3) Macrae and Johnson (1998)
• Incidental altruism priming
• Helping in staged pencil spill incident
• - 4) Epley and Gilovich (1999)
• Incidental priming of conformity concepts
• More likely to agree with confederate

22
Conception to Action

• Priming stereotypes should activate relevant
  behaviors
• - 5) Bargh et al. (1996)
• Elderly primes (bingo, Florida)
• Walking slowly out of lab
• - 6) Arts Dijksterhuis (2001)
• Priming speed through animal concepts (cheetah
  vs. snail)
• Walking slowly out of the lab

23
Conception to Action

• Priming stereotypes should activate relevant
  behaviors
• - 7) Dijksterhuis van Knippenberg (2000)
• Priming politician stereotype
• Wrote longer essays
• - 8) Dijksterhuis van Knippenberg (1998)
• Priming professors or soccer hooligans
• Trivial pursuit
• Did better if professor primed

24
Conception to Action

• Smile controllable
• Foot twitching controllable
• Walking speed controllable
• Aggression controllable
• Intelligence, trivia knowledge not controllable
• Memory performance not controllable
• Math test think about Asians for a while
• Verbal test think about women for a while
• Being more assertive think about men for a while

25
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• What is important to development
• Being able to develop meaningful relationships
• Being able to relate to others authentically
  (rather than selfishly)
• People internalize significant others
• Mom is in your head, saying things to you

26
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Harlows studies
• No mom
• Just a wire mom that has plenty of food
• Such monkeys did not develop normally
• Early relationship important to later social
  functioning

27
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Attachment theory
• Can be used to diagnose early attachment
• Stranger enters, mom leaves, mom returns
• How does infant respond?
• A bit cautious when mom leaves
• Very happy when she returns
• Avoided mom when she returned
• Presumably, mom cant be relied upon
• Very anxious when mom leaves
• But ambivalent upon her return

28
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Internalized expectations of others
• Secure others are fun, can be trusted
• Insecure be wary of others
• Secure healthy relationships
• Avoidant uncomfortable with commitment,
  intimacy
• Anxious clingy, needy in relationships

29
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Which is true of you?
• A. I am typically comfortable with others and
  find it easy to become close friends with people.
  I can easily come to rely on others and enjoy it
  when they rely on me.
• B. I am sometimes tense when I get too close to
  others. I dont like to trust other people too
  muchPeople often want me to be more personal and
  intimate than I feel like being.
• C. In relationships, I often worry that the other
  person does not really want to stay with
  medoesnt really love me. I often wish that my
  friends would share moreMaybe I scare people
  away with my readiness to become close

30
Ch 10 Psychoanalytic Approaches Modern

• Meta-analysis of attachment research
• Fraley (2002)

31
The pope is in my head

• Mark Baldwins research
• Important others (pope, mom, etc.) are in ones
  own head
• E.g., disapproving parents
• disapproval of self

32
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• Zajonc
• Head of department at U Mich
• Seen as imposing, tough audience

33
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• 16 grad students, 1 postdoc
• 2 ms, masked exposures
• Scowling Zajonc (your work is sub-standard)
• Smiling Ellard (lets be friends nice job)

34
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• Procedure
• 1. Write down research ideas
• 2. RT task with subliminal primes (random
  assignment to condition)
• 3. Evaluate own research ideas

35
The pope is in my head

• Study 1
• Thus
• View of self
• Influenced by internal audience (either
  supportive or critical)
• And this internal audience can be primed
  subliminally

36
The pope is in my head

• Study 2
• Then random assignment to priming
• Neutral no faces
• Critical, not relevant scowling Zajonc
• Critical, relevant scowling Pope
• Honest, intelligent, good, talented, etc.

37
The pope is in my head

• Study 2
• Main effect for condition on self-evaluation
• Neutral (no face) 7.02
• Criticial, unfamililar (Zajonc) 7.09
• Critical, familiar (Pope) 6.30
• Thus

38
The pope is in my head

• Study 2
• Ss also rate whether they are practicing
  Catholics or not
• Results
• not practicing practicing
• Neutral 6.93 7.11
• Zajonc 6.64 7.77
• Pope 6.70 6.00

39
The pope is in my head

• Conclusions
• 1.
• Important others (e.g., Pope)
• Inside ones head
• Unconsciously influencing self-evaluation,
  behavior
• 2.
• Experiences with caregiver
• Could give rise to internal working models (of
  self, other, relationships)
• That are carried throughout life

40
The pope is in my head

• Conclusions
• 3.
• Not sex or death
• But rather important relationships, self-concept