THE RISE OF THE CITY

1
THE RISE OF THE CITY

• AMH 2020

2
The Brooklyn Bridge
3
The Brooklyn Bridge

• Location Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York, USA
• Completion Date 1883
• Cost 18 millionLength 3,460 feet
• Type Suspension
• Materials Steel, granite
• Longest Single Span 1,595 feet
• Engineers John A. Roebling, Washington A.
  Roebling

4
John Roebling

• Died from lock jaw complications after bridge
  accident severed toed on his foot.

5
Roebling Designs
6
Washington Roebling

• Took over after his Fathers death
• Developed the bends
• and then directing building from window of his
  residence using a telescope

7
Emily Warren Roebling

• Took over as site supervisor and manager
• Earned a law degree and championed women's
  suffrage.

8
(No Transcript)
9
Caisson Design
10
Deaths During the Building

• John Roebling, Thomas Blake, Cope, Daugherty,
  Thomas Douglas, McCann, Patrick McKay, Neil
  Mullen, John Myers, William Reardon, Reed, Harry
  Supple, Anonymous 1, Anonymous 2, Anonymous 3,
  Memorial Day 1883, Avoy, Brooks, Matthew Burns,
  Matthew Byrne, Patrick Collins, Francis Demel
  Drake, Michael Duddy,l Johnston, Koen, Lars
  Kornelius Larsen, James McLaren, John Maronna,
  Murphy, John Murphy, John Nakis, Johannes
  Heinrich Seifer, Walter Solley, Thomas Talbot,
  Tinney, Robert C. Quinn, Anonymous 4

11
Bridge Construction
12
(No Transcript)
13
Rise of the City

• Chicago 100,000 in 1860 to 1,000,000 by 1890
• Cities with 100,000 population 1870 only 18 by
  1900 38
• By 1900 New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia all
  had more than a million inhabitants

14
Economic Regions 1890
15
Immigration

• Old Immigration before 1880 Germans, Irish,
  English, and Scandinavians 85 of newcomers
• After 1880 Italians, Hungarians, Eastern European
  Jews, Turks, Armenians, Poles, Russians, and
  other Slavic peoples made up 80 by 1896
• Each succeeding wave of immigration was seen as
  inferior to the previous wave

16
Statue of Liberty

• Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was
  commissioned to design a sculpture with the year
  1876 in mind for completion, to commemorate the
  centennial of the American Declaration of
  Independence.
• Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel
  Tower) was commissioned to design the massive
  iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework
• On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the
  Statue of Liberty took place

17
(No Transcript)
18
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
19
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
20
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
21
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
22
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
23
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
24
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
25
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
26
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
27
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
28
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
29
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
30
Statue of Liberty Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
31
The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus

• Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
• With conquering limbs astride from land to
  landHere at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall
  standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs
  the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of
  Exiles.From her beacon-handGlows world-wide
  welcome her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged
  harbor that twin cities frame."Keep, ancient
  lands, your storied pomp!" cries sheWith silent
  lips. Give me your tired, your poor,Your
  huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The
  wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send
  these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift
  my lamp beside the golden door!

32
Ellis Island -- 1900

• Built to process the stream of immigrants

33
Ellis Island -- 1900
34
Ellis Island -- 1900
35
Ellis Island -- 1900
36
Ellis Island -- 1900
37
Ellis Island -- 1900
38
Ellis Island -- 1900
39
Ellis Island -- 1900
40
Ellis Island -- 1900
41
Ellis Island -- 1900
42
Two Groups Treated Worse with Rise of
Anti-Immigration
43
Jim Crow Laws

• Jim Crow laws came in many forms. For example,
  once such law required black people to "qualify"
  to vote by paying poll taxes, or, by reciting the
  entire Declaration of Independence or
  Constitution from memory. In 1883, the Federal
  Government ruled that it did not have the power
  to prohibit private segregation and maintained
  that separate facilities (including schools,
  restaurants, drinking fountains etc.) were
  constitutional provided that facilities were
  "equal", in the famous Plessy v. Ferguson 163 US
  537 (1896) case. Of course "equal facilities"
  were never at all equal. Other laws required
  black people to sit in the back of public buses,
  prohibited interracial marriage, and limited
  employment opportunities for black people.

44
Working Conditions

• Sweatshops
• Mechanization
• Mills Girls
• Greater gap between wealth and poverty
• Child Labor

45
LABOR UNREST

• Railroad Strike of 1877
• Knights of Labor AFL
• Haymarket

46
Great Railroad Strike of 1877

• Panic of 1873 wages for brakemen dropped from 70
  to 30 a month
• In !877 Baltimore Ohio Railroad slashed wages
  by 10 and at the same time gave stockholders a
  10 dividend
• West Virginia Brakemen went on strike soon
  followed by 100,000 railroad workers
• Nationwide 500,00 other laborers joined in

47
Railroad Strike

• Militia called out and fired upon workers and
  supporters
• President Rutherford B. Hayes brought in Federal
  Troops
• Strike was broken, but spurred the need for
  organized labor

48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
Knights of Labor

• Founded in 1869 as a secret universal
  brotherhood of workers
• Advocated classless democracy
• Advocated against child labor, equal pay for
  women workers
• Public ownership of railroads

52
American Federation of Labor

• Founded in 1866 by Samuel Gompers
• Organized skilled laborers
• Sought unionism

53
(No Transcript)
54
Haymarket

• Began with advocacy of 8 hour work day (12 hours
  was considered standard)
• May 1, 1886 set aside as day of general strike
• Leaders Albert Parsons, August Spies, Samuel
  Gompers
• Chicago Police, Pinkerton Detectives, private
  Army hired to break the strike

55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
Haymarket

• 45,000 workers marched peacefully
• May 3 striking workers attacked scab labor
  outside McCormick Reaper works Police opened
  fire killing 6 men

58
(No Transcript)
59
Haymarket

• May 4 Captain Blackjack Bonfield led police to
  disperse strikers a bomb was thrown into police
  Police were ordered to kill as many men as they
  could

60
(No Transcript)
61
Haymarket

• Eight men went on trial none were connected in
  the bombing
• Convicted for radical ideas four executed, one
  committed suicide, three received prison
  sentences
• 1893 Governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the
  three remaining defendants and declared the trail
  a travesty of justice

62
(No Transcript)
63
Work time 2004
64
2007

• 2000 TO 2007 yearly increase in United States of
  people in poverty and extreme poverty
• 2007 most percentage of population in both
  categories of poverty in over 30 years
• Less than 9 of American workers are represented
  by a Union or some form of collective bargaining

65
The White City

• Amusement Parks
• Skyscrapers
• Rags to Riches myth
• Technological Progress
• Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893

66
1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago
67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
Just Around the Corner

• Herman Webster Mudgett (May 16, 1860 May 7,
  1896), better known under the alias of "Dr. H. H.
  Holmes," was Americas first modern serial
  killer.
• Built a Murder Mansion blocks from the White
  City

76
The Murder Castle

• Holmes used some of the rooms as "asphyxiation
  chambers", where his victims were suffocated with
  gas. Other chambers were lined with iron plates
  and had blowtorch-like devices fitted into the
  walls. In the basement, Holmes installed a
  dissecting table and maintained his own
  crematory. There was also an acid vat and pits
  filled with quicklime, where bodies could be
  conveniently disposed of.

77
(No Transcript)
78

• All of his "prison rooms" were fitted with alarms
  that buzzed in Holmes quarters if a victim
  attempted to escape. He confessed to 27
  murders, although the actual numbers are in the
  hundreds, most of the victims were women.

79

• The "chamber of horrors" in the basement was
  located seven feet below the rest of the building
  and extended out under the sidewalk in front.
  Here was Holmes blood-spattered dissecting
  table, his gleaming surgical instruments, his
  macabre "laboratory" of torture devices, various
  jars of poison and even a wooden box that
  contained a number of female skeletons. Built
  into one of the walls was a crematorium, with a
  heavy iron grate to hold the fire and another
  grate, fitted with rollers, by which a body could
  be slid into the flames. There were souvenirs
  from many of the murders.

80
(No Transcript)
81

• During trial and while awaiting execution H H
  Holmes wrote a book about his exploits. Pleading
  both innocence, insanity, and possession by Satan
  he was executed May 7, 1896, just nine days
  before his 36th birthday.

82
?

• How is it that the modern serial killer (Jack the
  Ripper in London and H. H. Homes in the United
  States came out of the same era as The Rise of
  The City, Rapid Capitalist Expansion, Extreme Gap
  Between Rich and Poor, Evolution of the Assembly
  Line, and the Belief in a Utopian City?

83
The End
84
BACK