Networks

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Chapter 15

• Networks

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Networking

• Computer network
• A collection of computing devices connected in
  order to communicate and share resources
• Connections between computing devices can be
  physical using wires or wireless using radio
  waves or infrared signals
• Can you name some of the devices in a computer
  network?

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Networking

• Node (host)
• Any device on a network
• Data transfer rate (bandwidth)
• The speed with which data is moved from one place
  to another on a network
• Why is bandwidth so key?

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Networking

• Computer networks have opened up an entire
  frontier in the world of computing called the
  client/server model
• Software systems are often distributed across a
  network where a client sends a request to a
  server for information or action

Figure 15.1 Client/Server interaction
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Networking

• Protocol
• A set of rules that defines how data is
  formatted, processed, and transferred on a
  network
• For example rules that allow client/server
  interaction
• File server
• A computer that stores and manages files for
  multiple users on a network
• Web server
• A computer dedicated to responding to requests
  (from the browser client) for web pages

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Types of Networks

• Local-area network (LAN)
• A network that connects a relatively small number
  of machines in a relatively close geographical
  area
• Ring topology connects all nodes in a closed
  loop on which messages travel in one direction
  Token Ring/FDDI
• Star topology centers around one node to which
  all others are connected and through which all
  messages are sent
• Bus topology nodes are connected to a single
  communication line that carries messages in both
  directions Ethernet(10Mbps), Fast
  Ethernet(100Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet(1Gbps)

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Types of Networks

• Ethernet
• The industry standard (IEEE 802.3) bus technology
  for local-area networks

Figure 15.2 Various network topologies
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Types of Networks

• Wide-area network (WAN)
• A network that connects local-area networks over
  a potentially large geographic distance
• Metropolitan-area network (MAN)
• The communication infrastructures that have been
  developed in and around large cities
• Gateway
• One particular node on a LAN set up to handle all
  communication going between that LAN and other
  networks

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Types of Networks
Figure 15.1 Local-area networks connected across
a distance to create a wide-area network
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Types of Networks

• Internet
• A wide area network that spans the planet
• A vast connection of smaller networks
• So, who owns the Internet?

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Internet Connections

• Internet backbone
• A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet
  traffic, provided by companies such as ATT,
  Verizon, and British Telecom
• Internet service provider (ISP)
• A company that provides other companies or
  individuals with access to the Internet i.e.
  America Online

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Internet Connections

• Various technologies available to connect a home
  computer to the Internet
• Phone modem converts computer data into an analog
  audio signal for transfer over a telephone line,
  and then a modem at the destination converts it
  back again into data
• Data is treated as if it were a voice
  conversation, low speed
• Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper
  phone lines to transfer digital data to and from
  the phone companys central office
• DSL and voice use different frequencies
• Cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV
  signals come in on to transfer the data back and
  forth

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Internet Connections

• Broadband
• A connection in which transfer speeds are faster
  than 128 Kbps (bits per second)
• DSL connections and cable modems are broadband
  connections
• The speed for downloads (getting data from the
  Internet to your home computer) may not be the
  same as uploads (sending data from your home
  computer to the Internet)

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Packet Switching

• Packet
• A unit of data sent across a network
• Packet switching
• Messages are divided into fixed-sized, numbered
  packets packets are individually routed to their
  destination, where they are collected and
  reassembled into the original message
• Router
• A network device that directs a packet between
  networks toward its final destination

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Packet Switching
Figure 15.4 Messages sent by packet switching
Take a message, break it into three packets, and
simulate this process
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Open Systems

• A logical progression...
• Proprietary system
• A system that uses technologies kept private by a
  particular commercial vendor
• Interoperability
• The ability of software and hardware on multiple
  machines by different vendors to communicate
• Open systems
• Systems based on a common model of network
  architecture and a suite of protocols used in its
  implementation maximize the interoperability

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Open Systems

• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference
  Model
• A seven-layer logical break down of network
  interaction to facilitate communication standards
• Each layer deals with a particular aspect of
  network communication

Figure 15.5 The layers of the OSI Reference Model
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OSI 7 Layers

• Physical a single device with a medium
• Link multiple devices with a shared medium,
  i.e. Ethernet
• Network from a source to a destination across
  multiple links, i.e. IP
• Transport reliable end-to-end connection, i.e.
  TCP
• Application application-to-application, i.e.
  Telnet, SMTP, FTP, HTTP

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Network Protocols

• Network protocols are layered such that each one
  relies on the protocols that underlie it
• Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack

Figure 15.6 Layering of key network protocols
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TCP/IP

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Software that breaks messages into packets, hands
  them off to the IP software for delivery, and
  then orders and reassembles the packets at their
  destination
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Software that deals with the routing of packets
  through the maze of interconnected networks to
  their final destination

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TCP/IP

• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• An alternative to TCP that is faster but less
  reliable
• Packets may arrive out of order, duplicated, or
  missing
• Ping
• A program used to test whether a particular
  network computer is active and reachable
• Traceroute
• A program that shows the route a packet takes
  across the Internet

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High-Level Protocols

• Other protocols build on TCP/IP protocol suite
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) used to
  specify transfer of electronic mail
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows a user to
  transfer files to and from another computer
• Telnet used to log onto a remote computer
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) allows
  exchange of Web documents

Which of these have you used?
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High-Level Protocols
Port A numeric designation that corresponds to
a particular high-level protocol
Figure 15.7 Some protocols and the ports they
use
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MIME Types

• MIME type
• A standard for defining the format of files that
  are included as email attachments or on websites
• What does MIME stand for?
• Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension

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Firewalls

• Firewall
• A gateway machine and its software that protects
  a network by filtering the traffic it allows
• Access control policy
• A set of rules established by an organization
  that specify what types of network communication
  are permitted and denied

Have your messages ever been returned
undelivered, blocked by a firewall?
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Firewalls
Figure 15.8 A firewall protecting a LAN
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Network Addresses

• Hostname
• A name made up of words separated by dots that
  uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet
• matisse.csc.villanova.edu
• host name domain name (edu is top-level
  domain)
• IP address
• An address made up of four one-byte numeric
  values separated by dots that uniquely identifies
  a computer on the Internet
• 205.39.155.18
• network address host address
• Is there a correspondence between the parts of a
  hostname and an IP address?

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Network Addresses
Figure 15.9 An IP address is stored in four
bytes
Class A first byte network address and three
bytes for host number Class B first two bytes
for network address and two bytes for host
number Class C first three bytes for network
address and one byte for host number
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Domain Name System

• Host number
• The part of the IP address that specifies a
  particular host on the network Yes, but what is
  it?
• Domain name
• The part of a hostname that specifies a specific
  organization or group
• Top-level domain (TLD)
• The last section of a Domain name that specifies
  the type of organization or its country of origin

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Domain Name System

• matisse.csc.villanova.edu

Computer name
Domain name
TLD
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Domain Name System
Figure 15.10 Top-level domains, including some
relatively new ones
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Domain Name System

• Organizations based in countries other than the
  United States use a top-level domain that
  corresponds to their two-letter country codes

Do you email someone in another country ?
Figure 15.11Some of the top-level domain names
based on country codes
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Domain Name System

• Domain name system (DNS)
• A distributed system for managing hostname
  resolution
• Domain name server
• A computer that attempts to translate a hostname
  into an IP address
• DNS is an example of a distributed database no
  organization is responsible for updating the
  hostname/IP mappings