Pancreas gland

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Pancreas gland
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Definition

• The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes
  digestive enzymes and hormones. In humans, the
  pancreas is a yellowish organ and
• about the size of a hand

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Location

• The pancreas is a gland located deep in the
  abdomen between the stomach and the spine
  (backbone). The liver, intestine, and other
  organs surround the pancreas.

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Hormones of pancreas

• pancreas has two types of secretion
• 1 endocrine hormone .
• 2 exocrine enzyme .

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The Endocrine Pancreas

• .  Approximately 5 percent of the total
  pancreatic mass is comprised of endocrine cells. 
  These endocrine cells are clustered in groups
  within the pancreas which look like little
  islands of cells when examined under a
  microscope.  This appearance led to these groups
  of pancreatic endocrine cells being called
  "Pancreatic Islets or islets of langerhans. 
  Within pancreatic islets are cells which make
  specific pancreatic endocrine hormones, of which
  there are only a few (the most famous of course
  being insulin).  These cells within the islets
  are called "Pancreatic Islet Cells".

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Pancreatic Islet Cells secretion

• The islets are endocrine tissue containing four
  types of cells. In order of abundance, they are
  the
• beta cells, which secrete insulin and amylin
• alpha cells, which secrete glucagon
• delta cells, which secrete somatostatin, and
• gamma cells, which secrete a polypeptide of
  unknown function

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Pancreatic Endocrine Hormones and Their Purpose

• A - Insulin
• Purpose Regulate blood glucose (sugar) in
  the normal range Action Forces many cells of
  the body to absorb and use glucose thereby
  decreasing blood sugar levelsSecreted in
  response to High blood glucoseSecretion
  inhibited by Low blood glucoseDisease due to
  deficient action Diabetes (large section of
  Endocrine Web is devoted to Diabetes).Disease
  due to excess action Hypoglycemia 

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Pancreatic Endocrine Hormones and Their Purpose

• B - Glucagon
• Purpose Assist insulin in regulating blood
  glucose (sugar) in the normal range (actions are
  opposite of insulin)Action Forces many cells of
  the body to release (or produce) glucose
  (increasing blood sugar)Secreted in response to
  Low blood glucoseSecretion inhibited by High
  blood glucoseDisease due to deficient action
  Some times nothing, sometimes hypoglycemiaDisease
  due to excess action Hyperglycemia

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Pancreatic Endocrine Hormones and Their Purpose

• C Somatostatin ( secreted from hypothalamus )
• Purpose Regulate the production and
  excretion of other endocrine tumorsAction Slows
  down production of insulin, glucagon, gastrin,
  and other endocrine tumorsSecreted in response
  to High levels of other endocrine
  hormonesSecretion inhibited by Low levels of
  other endocrine hormonesDisease due to deficient
  action Poorly definedDisease due to excess
  action Diabetes (inhibits insulin production),
  gallstones, and dietary fat intolerance.

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Pancreatic Endocrine Hormones and Their Purpose

• D - Gastrin
• Purpose    Assist in digestion within the
  stomachAction    Induce acid producing cells of
  the stomach to produce acidSecreted in response
  to     Food in the stomach and
  intestinesSecretion inhibited by     Absence of
  food in stomach and intestinesDisease due to
  deficient action     Poorly defined, some times
  no symptoms at allDisease due to excess action
      Stomach ulcers due to excess stomach acid

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Pancreatic Endocrine Hormones and Their Purpose

• E - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
• Purpose    Help control water secretion and
  absorption from the intestinesAction    Causes
  intestinal sells to secrete water and salts into
  the intestines (inhibit absorption)Disease due
  to excess action     Severe watery diarrhea and
  salt (potassium) imbalances 

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Diabetes Mellitus

• Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder
  characterized by many signs and symptoms.

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Diabetes mellitus is a disorder quite distinct
from the similarly-named diabetes insipidus. They
both result in the production of large amounts of
urine (diabetes), but in one the urine is sweet
while in the other (caused by ADH deficiency) it
is not. Before the days of laboratory tests, a
simple taste test ("mellitus" or "insipidus")
enabled the doctor to make the correct diagnosis
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There are three categories of diabetes mellitus
1 - Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
also called "Type 1" diabetes and 2 - Non
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)"Type
2" 3 - Inherited Forms of Diabetes Mellitus
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Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

• IDDM (also called Type 1 diabetes)
• is characterized by little (hypo) or no
  circulating insulin
• most commonly appears in childhood.
• It results from destruction of the beta cells of
  the islets.

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IDDM is controlled by carefully-regulated
injections of insulin. (Insulin cannot be taken
by mouth because, being a protein, it would be
digested. However, the U.S. FDA has approved in
January 2006 an insulin inhaler that delivers
insulin through the lungs and may reduce the
number of daily injected doses needed.) For many
years, insulin extracted from the glands of cows
and pigs was used. However, pig insulin differs
from human insulin by one amino acid beef
insulin by three. Although both work in humans to
lower blood sugar, they are seen by the immune
system as "foreign" and induce an antibody
response in the patient that blunts their effect
and requires higher doses
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Two approaches have been taken to solve this
problem Convert pig insulin into human insulin
by removing the one amino acid that distinguishes
them and replacing it with the human version.
This approach is expensive, so now the favored
approach is to Insert the human gene for insulin
into E. coli and grow recombinant human insulin
in culture tanks. Insulin is not a glycoprotein
so E. coli is able to manufacture a
fully-functional molecule (trade name Humulin).
Yeast is also used (trade name Novolin).
Recombinant DNA technology has also made it
possible to manufacture slightly-modified forms
of human insulin that work faster or slower than
regular human insulin.
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Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

• Many people develop diabetes mellitus without an
  accompanying drop in insulin levels (at least at
  first).
• In many cases, the problem appears to be a
  failure to express a sufficient number of glucose
  transporters in the plasma membrane of their
• skeletal muscles.

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Skeletal muscle is the major "sink" for removing
excess glucose from the blood (and converting it
into glycogen). In NIDDM, the patient's ability
to remove glucose from the blood and convert it
into glycogen may be only 20 of normal. This is
called insulin resistance.
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NIDDM (also called Type 2 diabetes mellitus)
usually strikes in adults and, particularly
often, in overweight people. However, over the
last few years in the U. S., the incidence of
NIDDM in children has grown to the point where
they now account for 20 of all newly-diagnosed
cases (and, like their adult counterparts, are
usually overweight).
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Inherited Forms of Diabetes Mellitus

• Some cases of diabetes result from mutant genes
  inherited from one or both parents. Examples
• mutations in one or both copies of the gene
  encoding the insulin receptor. These patients
  usually have extra-high levels of circulating
  insulin but defective receptors. The mutant
  receptors
• a mutant version of the gene encoding
  glucokinase, the enzyme that phosphorylates
  glucose in the first step of glycolysis

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Pancreatitis

• An estimated 50,000 to 80,000 cases of acute
  pancreatitis occur in the United States each
  year. This disease occurs when the pancreas
  suddenly becomes inflamed and then gets better.
  Some patients have more than one attack but
  recover fully after each one. Most cases of acute
  pancreatitis are caused either by alcohol abuse
  or by gallstones.  Other causes may be use of
  prescribed drugs, trauma or surgery to the
  abdomen, or abnormalities of the pancreas or
  intestine.

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What Are the Symptoms of AP?

• Acute pancreatitis usually begins with pain in
  the upper abdomen that may last for a few days.
  The pain is often severe. It may be constant
  pain, just in the abdomen, or it may reach to the
  back and other areas. The pain may be sudden and
  intense, or it may begin as a mild pain that is
  aggravated by eating and slowly grows worse. The
  abdomen may be swollen and very tender. Other
  symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and
  an increased pulse rate. The person often feels
  and looks very sick.

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Chronic Pancreatitis

• The term "chronic pancreatitis" defines the
  histologic, functional, and clinical results of
  long-standing or irreversible pancreatic injury.
  There are a number of things that increase a
  persons risk of deveolping chronic pancreatits
  including alcohol consumption, smoking, genetic
  factors and other conditions or tramatic events
  that injure the pancreas. Within the National
  Institute of Health, the National Institute of
  Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases has been
  give the challange of addressing the problem of
  pancreatitis.

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The human pancreas is an amazing organ with
two main functions 1 to produce pancreatic
endocrine hormones (e.g., insulin glucagon)
which help regulate many aspects of our
metabolism and 2, to produce pancreatic
digestive enzymes.