Outline

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Outline

• Definition of nanotechnology
• Why do we need the education on this?
• Interdisciplinary field
• Energy/Environment Nanotechnology
• Biology Nanotechnology

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Nanoscience
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NSF definition
The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to
work at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular
levels, in the length scale of about 1 to 100 nm
range, in order to create, manipulate and use
materials devices and systems with fundamentally
new properties and functions because of their
small structures. It includes understanding of
phenomena and processes at the nanoscale and
nanostructures along larger scales
Nanotechnology encompasses multidisciplinary
aspects in biology, physics, chemistry,
engineering, materials science and other
disciplines Most of major disciplines, from
physics and chemistry to engineering converge at
the nanoscale toward some basic structures,
principles and tools of investigation
Journal of Engineering Education by M. C. Roco a
Senior Advisor at the National Science Foundation.
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A brief historical Background

• Nanomaterials are not new!!
• it is probable that soluble gold appeared
  around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and
  China.
• the Lycurgus Cup that was manufactured in the 5th
  to 4th century B.C. It is ruby red in transmitted
  light and green in reflected light, due to the
  presence of gold colloids.
• The reputation of soluble gold until the Middle
  Ages was to disclose fabulous curative powers for
  various diseases, such as heart and venereal
  problems, dysentery, epilepsy, and tumors, and
  for diagnosis of syphilis.
• the first book on colloidal gold, published by
  the philosopher and medical doctor Francisci
  Antonii in 1618. This book includes considerable
  information on the formationof colloidal gold
  sols and their medical uses, including successful
  practical cases.
• In 1676, the German chemist Johann Kunckels
  published another book, whose chapter 7 concerned
  drinkable gold that contains metallic gold in a
  neutral, slightly pink solution that exert
  curative properties for several diseases. He
  concluded that gold must be present in such a
  degree of communition that it is not visible to
  the human eye.

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Why do we need education?
It is estimated that about 2 million
nanotechnology workers will be needed worldwide
in 10-15 years. If one would extrapolate the
current portion of the users of key measuring
instrumentations (atomic force microscopes and
scanning tunneling microscopes), it would obtain
a rough distribution of nanotechnology workers
needed in various areas in 2010-2020 0.8
million in US 0.5 0.6 million in Japan 0.3- 0.4
million in Europe 0.1- 0.2 million in Asia
Pacific region excluding Japan million in other
regions. Because developments are not linear,
such estimates may change in the future
Journal of Engineering Education by M. C. Roco a
Senior Advisor at the National Science Foundation.
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Why do we need education
A key challenge for nanotechnology development is
the education and training of a new generation of
skilled workers in the multidisciplinary
perspective necessary for rapid progress of the
new technology. The concept at the nanoscale
(atomic, molecular and supra-molecular levels)
should penetrate the education system in the next
decade in a similar manner to how the microscopic
approach made inroads in the last forty to fifty
years
Educational programs need to be refocused from
microanalisys to nanoscale understanding and
creative manipulation of matter at the nanoscale.
A unified education system using understanding
from the basic components of nature is
envisioned.
Journal of Engineering Education by M. C. Roco a
Senior Advisor at the National Science Foundation.
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Are they Real?

• Merck produces 20 ton of silica particle per year
  for cosmetic purposes
• 3M produces TiO2 nanoparticles for dental
  fillings
• Cabot produces gt 10 tons of carbon black
  nanoparticles as polymers additives

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What are they?
unique properties due to quantum confinement and
very high surface/volume ratio
Nanoparticles
Nanorods
1 dimensional nanomaterials extremely efficient
classical properties
Nanotubes
Nanowires
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Bottom-up vs. Top-down

• Two approaches to the synthesis of nanomaterials
  and the fabrication of nanostructures.
• Top-down Approach imperfection of the
  surface/bulk structure, defect.
• Bottom-up is more preferred control of chemical
  reaction

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Nanoscience Nanotechnology
Moores Law Transistor size factor of 2
reduction every 18 months Since 1950,
3 nm
Nanoscience is Science that deals with the study
and the control of groups of atoms on the
nanometer scale
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Nanoscience Energy/Environment
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Electronic conductivity
Seebeck coefficient
(Figure of merit)
Thermal conductivity (electron phonon)
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M. Morcrette et al. Nature Materials, 2, 755
(2003).
P. Poizot, et al. Nature 407, 496 (2000)
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Nanoscience Biology
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Multi-Disciplinary Approach
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Why now?

• New Microscopy Techniques that have the needed
  resolution have been developed. (e. g. TEM, AFM,
  STM)
• New Materials whose dimensions are in the
  nanoscale have been synthesized and
  characterized. (Nanomaterials)
• We have a novel understanding of Bio-chemistry

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References

• Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry Ed. K. J.
  Klabunde, Wiley Interscience
• Metal Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Characterization
  and Applications, D. L. Feldheim, C. A. Foss,
  Marcel Dekker
• Introduction to nanotechnology, C. P. Poole, Jr.
  F. J. Owens, Wiley Interscience
• Nanotechnology, ed. G. Timp, AIP press
• Nanotechnology, basic science and emerging
  technology, N. Wilson, K. Kannagara, G. Smith, M.
  Simmons, B. Raguse, Chapman Hall, CRC