Selling an Idea or a Product

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Insect Behavior Behavior any observable,
external activity of an animal
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
1. reflex -- happens quickly
-- requires sensory feedback -- often
involves 3 neurons in reflex arc
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Reflex Arc of Insects
sensillum
bipolar sensory neuron
interneuron
unipolar motor neuron
muscle

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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
1. reflex -- example proboscis
extension in fly
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Taxis maintain
constant orientation relative to external cue
-- phototaxis
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Taxis maintain
constant position relative to external cue
-- geotaxis -- rheotaxis
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation b. Compass
orientation -- used to navigate -- esp.
important for central place foragers
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Compass
orientation 1) sun compass -- sun
moves about 15o/hr. -- in northern
hemisphere, sun moves though southern arc
of sky -- requires internal clock
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Compass
orientation 1) sun compass -- waggle
dance of honey bee
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Waggle run
Distance communicated by duration of waggle run
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85o left of vertical
126o right of vertical
Direction communicated by orientation of waggle
run relative to vertical (0o)
direction to food site relative to
position of sun
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6 AM
E
N
Site A
Site B
S
W
Waggle run
Site A
Site B
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E
6 AM
45o
N
9 AM
S
W
5o
Site A
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6 AM
E
45o
N
9 AM
135o
S
W
5o
135o
Site B
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• Insect Behavior
• I. Types of Behavior
• A. Innate inborn encoded in genome
  heritable
• 2. orientation
• a. Compass orientation
• 1) sun compass
• -- waggle dance of honey bee
• Displacement experiment

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Honey bee displacement experiment
1. Train bees to visit feeding station due east
of hive at 6 AM for several days (directly in
line with sun).
N
(6 AM)
sun
hive
1000 m
F
E
W
S
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Honey bee displacement experiment
1. Train bees to visit feeding station due east
of hive at 6 AM for several days.
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Honey bee displacement experiment
2. Close up hive in evening trapping all
foragers inside overnight transport to different
location (to eliminate familiar landmarks)
N
hive
1000 m
F
E
W
X
S
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Honey bee displacement experiment
3. At new location, keep colony closed until 9
AM next morning (sun will have moved 45o S) 4.
Set up 2 feeding stations 1st due east
(original location) 2nd 45o SE of 1st
9 AM
N
1st
hive
1000 m
F
E
W
45o
F
sun
2nd
S
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Honey bee displacement experiment

• Hypothesis 1
• -- Bees do not have internal clock
• use simple rule fly in
• direction of sun
• will go to 2nd site
• Hypothesis 2
• -- Bees have internal clock
• track passage of time
• movement of sun
• will know sun has moved
• 45o S
• will leave hive, orient 45o
• to left of sun and fly to
• 1st site

N
1st
hive
1000 m
F
E
W
45o
F
sun
2nd
S
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• Insect Behavior
• I. Types of Behavior
• A. Innate inborn encoded in genome
  heritable
• 2. orientation
• a. Compass orientation
• 1) sun compass
• -- waggle dance of honey bee
• Marathon dances

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sun
6 AM 0o
6AM, 0o
site
hive
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8 AM 30o L
sun
6 AM 0o
6AM, 0o
sun
8AM, 30oL
site
hive
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8 AM 30o L
sun
6 AM 0o
6AM, 0o
sun
8AM, 30oL
10 AM 60oL
sun
site
10AM, 60oL
hive
6 PM, 180o
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8 AM 30o L
sun
6 AM 0o
6AM, 0o
sun
8AM, 30oL
10 AM 60oL
sun
site
10AM, 60oL
12 N 90oL
sun
12 N, 90oL
hive
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8 AM 30o L
sun
6 AM 0o
6AM, 0o
sun
8AM, 30oL
10 AM 60oL
sun
site
10AM, 60oL
12 N 90oL
sun
12 N, 90oL
hive
2 PM, 120oL
sun
2 PM 120oL
sun
6 PM, 180o
6 PM 180o
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Compass
orientation 2) polarized light compass
-- honey bees
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Compass
orientation 2) polarized light compass
-- Cataglyphis
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Compass
orientation 3) magnetic compass
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
2. orientation a. Compass
orientation 4) back up compass systems
-- honey bees 1o sun 2o
polarized light 3o magnetic compass
landmarks can override all
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
3. Fixed Action Pattern inborn motor program
that once released runs to completion
regardless of feedback generated by
CPGs -- ex prey capture in praying
mantis
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
3. Fixed Action Pattern inborn motor program
that once released runs to completion
regardless of feedback -- ex
pollen unloading in honey bees
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
3. Fixed Action Pattern a. sign
stimulus -- particular stimulus that
releases specific FAP -- simple aspects of
an object (not mental photographs) --
response depends upon age, internal state,
hormones genetics, etc.
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
3. Fixed Action Pattern a. sign
stimulus ex bombykol
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior A.
Innate inborn encoded in genome heritable
3. Fixed Action Pattern b. sequences
of FAPs -- ex nest building and
provisioning in Ammophila
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1. Female searches for suitable nest site. 2.
Triggers digging behavior (series of FAPs)
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3. Nest construction triggers hunting 4. Prey
capture triggers return to nest
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5. Prey placed at entrance of nest 6. Female
enters nest, inspects, turns around, exits nest,
grabs prey 7. Places prey in cell lays egg
seals
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5. Prey placed at entrance of nest 6. Female
enters nest, inspects, turns around, exits nest,
grabs prey if prey is moved while female is
inside, she will exit, retrieve prey, place at
entrance, enter, and repeat over and over
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior B.
Learned behavior modification of behavior
through experience best developed in social
insects 1. Associative learning learn to
associate 2 stimuli -- ex honey bees
and floral characteristics
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior B.
Learned behavior 1. Associative learning
-- ex gustatory learning in caterpillars
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior B.
Learned behavior 1. Associative
learning -- example proboscis extension
reflex in honey bees
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior B.
Learned behavior 2. Landmark learning
associated with orientation -- ex honey
bee orientation flight
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior B.
Learned behavior best developed in social
insects 2. Landmark learning associated
with orientation -- ex canopy
orientation in ants
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Bee wolf
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Insect Behavior I. Types of Behavior B.
Learned behavior 3. timing of learning
during a behavioral sequence -- ex
honey bee visiting a flower are generalist
foragers
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• Honey Bee Generalist Forager
• Innate components of flower recognition
• Innate preference for
• Floral odors
• Floral colors (blue, yellow, UV)
• Floral shapes (edge effect)

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• Honey Bee Generalist Forager
• Learned components of flower recognition
• Specific odor
• Specific color
• Specific shape
• Time of day

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approach land drink
hover fly home
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approach land drink
hover fly home
landmarks learned while hovering
time of availability learned through clock
Color learned 2-3 s before landing
Oder learned while drinking
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Insect Behavior II. Periodicity of Behavior
A. Terminology 1. Biological rhythm
endogenously generated rhythm of activity
-- circadian rhythm -- circanual rhythm
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Insect Behavior II. Periodicity of Behavior
A. Terminology 1. Biological rhythm 2.
biological clock neural mechanisms that
generates the endogenous rhythm 3.
zeitgeber environmental cues that sets
biological clock 4. entrainment process
of setting clock to zeitgeber 5. free run
-- continuation of endogenous rhythm in
absence of zeitgeber -- best
evidence for biological clock
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Insect Behavior II. Periodicity of Behavior
B. Examples 1. cricket signing (circadian
rhythm)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
6 PM off
6 AM on
DAY
12L 12D
0L 24D
12L 12D
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• Insect Behavior
• II. Periodicity of Behavior
• B. Examples
• 2. eclosion in silk moths
• Hyalophora eclose in morning
• Antheraea eclose at dusk

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• Insect Behavior
• II. Periodicity of Behavior
• B. Examples
• 2. eclosion in silk moths
• Hyalophora eclose in morning
• Antheraea eclose at dusk
• De-brained arrhythmic eclosion

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• Insect Behavior
• II. Periodicity of Behavior
• B. Examples
• 2. eclosion in silk moths
• Hyalophora eclose in morning
• Antheraea eclose at dusk
• Debrained arhthymic eclosion
• Replace brain rhythm restored

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• Insect Behavior
• II. Periodicity of Behavior
• B. Examples
• 2. eclosion in silk moths
• Hyalophora eclose in morning
• Antheraea eclose at dusk
• Debrained arhthymic eclosion
• Replace brain rhythm restored
• Switch brain adopt eclosion rhythm of host

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• Insect Behavior
• II. Periodicity of Behavior
• C. Clock mechanism
• -- occurs in insect optic lobes
• -- involves 3 genes
• per ? PER
• dbt ? enzyme
• tim ? TIM

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• per ? PER builds to
• threshold conc. in cells
• activates dbt ? CKI?
• degrades PER
• activates tim ? TIM
• -- binds ? PER/TIM
• -- not degraded by CKI?
• -- enters nucleus
• -- inhibits per and tim
• PER builds declines
• in 24 hr. cycle