CITIES

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CHAPTER 9 CITIES
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Cities Terms and Definitions Urban Formation
Transportation Systems of Cities Urban
Hierarchy in Goods Places Urban Influence
Zones Hinterlands Economic Base Basic
Non-Basic Activities Growth of Metro
Regions Internal Structure of Cities Models of
City Structure Concentric Zone, Sector,
Multiple Nucleii Era of Formation and
Development Pre-1950, River 1850-1950, Rail
Post-1950, Rubber Political Policies and
Patterns Annexation vs Embedded Cities
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GGF Fig 12.06a New York City (like GGQ Fig 9.2b)
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GGQ Fig 9.2a Los Angeles
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GGF Fig 5.14a Los Angeles (on a clear day)
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GGF Fig 5.14a Los Angeles (on a smoggy day!!)
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GGQ Fig 9.3 Hypothetical Spatial Arrangement of
Units Within a Metropolitan Area
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GGF Fig 113 Nodal Regions
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Cities Terms and Definitions Urban Formation
Transportation Systems of Cities Urban
Hierarchy in Goods Places Urban Influence
Zones Hinterlands Economic Base Basic
Non-Basic Activities Growth of Metro
Regions Internal Structure of Cities Models of
City Structure Concentric Zone, Sector,
Multiple Nucleii Era of Formation and
Development Pre-1950, River 1850-1950, Rail
Post-1950, Rubber Political Policies and
Patterns Annexation vs Embedded Cities
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GGQ Fig 9.6 Association of Major Metro Areas and
Navigable Waters
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GGQ Fig 7.5 Material Flows in the Steel
Industry NB Centrality of AMB Manufacturing
Sites Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Ashtabula,
Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit Gary, Chicago In
between sources of major inputs, and proximate to
major markets and/or transport routes --
minimizes transport costs
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GGQ 8.16 St. Lawrence System (opened 1959) and
Impacts on Metro Areas
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GGQ Fig 8.7 US Railroad Traffic Densities, 1970s
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GGQ Fig 8.3 US Interstate Highway System
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GGQ Fig 8.4 Alaska and Trans-Canada Highways
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Elements that go into/affect an Urban
Areas Functional Place in the System of
Cities 1. Type of Goods/Urban Functions
Available -- Hierarchy -- Higher versus Lower
Order Goods/Functions 2. Urban Influence
Zones/Hinterlands 3. Economic Base Basic vs
Non-Basic Functions
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GGQ Fig 9.7 Hierarchical Relationships among
Southern US Cities
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GGF 12.14 Functional Hierarchy of US Metro
Regions
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Higher vs Lower Order Goods/Functions Up to
1970s Lower Order Goods, Services,
Functions Convenience goods the stuff of
living Bought often, so accessibility is
important Outlets providing goods are virtually
ubiquitous Small market-area or hinterland
highly local Examples groceries, fuel,
everyday clothing, hair care, worship, education,
socializing Higher Order Goods, Services,
Functions Specialty goods the stuff of luxury
(or costly necessity) Bought
sporadically/seldom/rarely Outlets providing
goods are located at greater spatial intervals
more separated Large, less local market-area or
hinterland one location serves many
others Examples appliances, vehicles, musical
instruments, fine clothing, universities,
professional training, hospitals, financial
services, newspaper, radio/TV Functions refer to
outlets that provide goods e.g., grocery stores,
auto dealerships Low order goods/services/function
s in all sized towns High order only larger
towns Order of an urban area reflects its highest
order functions distinguish it from
others Higher vs Lower Order Cities/Towns
correlates with population size Concept provides
rationale for the Urban Hierarchy (Columbus
Mans-Newark-Zanesville-Chillicothe-Springfield-Day
ton Marion-London-Circleville-Washington Ct
Hse-Mt Vernon-Cambridge)
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Higher vs Lower Order Goods/Functions Since
1970s Today In contemporary world the
high/low order distinction is blurred (due to air
travel, auto accessibility, digital
communications/internet, 45 minutes of travel
encompasses miles, not blocks), but still
valid Goods marketed very differently
Innovations in presenting goods to market Big
Box, Large Scale merchandisers General
(Meiers, Kohls, Pennys, Target, Macys) and
Specialty (HH Gregg, Best Buy, Auto Malls w/ many
brands) New Age Shopping Malls Broad-
Narrow-Scale (more specialty) Merchandisers Them
atic (entertainment) Focused Entities but Broad
Array of Goods (super markets Giant Eagle,
Kroger) But like lower/higher-order good concept
-- Geographic Extent of Market Area varies x
people needed to sustain merchandiser lower
population densities translate into larger market
areas
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Todays Urban Hierarchy in Terms of Higher/Lower
Order Goods/Functions 1. Between 1.A. Higher
Order, Larger Cities/Urban Areas More Big
Box, Mall, Focused Entities w/ Broad Array of
Goods 1.B. Lower Order, Smaller Cities/Urban
Areas Fewer if any Big Boxes, Malls, etc 2.
Within a given City/Urban Area (i) More
convenience-type outlets (convenience stores,
gasoline stations, hair shops, etc) -- that
fewer people are needed to sustain, leads
to smaller market areas/hinterlands, easier
access, locations closer to one another,
greater ubiquity (ii) Fewer Malls, Big Box
merchandisers that more people are needed to
sustain, leads to larger market
areas/hinterlands, lesser access, locations
farther from one another, less ubiquity (iii)
Focused entities w/ broad array of goods --
Somewhere between the two extremes
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Elements that go into/affect an Urban
Areas Functional Place in the System of
Cities 1. Type of Goods/Urban Functions
Available -- Hierarchy -- Higher versus Lower
Order Goods/Functions 2. Urban Influence
Zones/Hinterlands Note role of Urban
Area Size Competing Urban Areas 3. Economic
Base Basic vs Non-Basic Functions
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TOL
CLEVE
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Ohio Counties LAB Guess re Columbus Dispatch
Influence Area
COL
DAY
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CIN
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Columbus Dispatch Reader Profile Survey Area as
Index of Influence Zone URL http//www.dispatch
.com/ mediakit/pdfs/ readerProfile-09_30_02.pdf
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Columbus Dispatch Circulation by County Courtesy
John Lewis, Information Marketing Mgr,
jlewis_at_dispatch.com
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GGQ Fig 9.8 Metropolitan Newspaper Influence
Zones
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GGQ Fig 9.9 Metropolitan Migration Fields,
1965-1970
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Elements that go into/affect an Urban
Areas Functional Place in the System of
Cities 1. Type of Goods/Urban Functions
Available -- Hierarchy -- Higher versus Lower
Order Goods/Functions 2. Urban Influence
Zones/Hinterlands Note role of Urban
Area Size Competing Urban Areas 3. Economic
Base Basic vs Non-Basic Functions
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Economic Base Non-Basic Economic
Activities Serve an urban population with both
lower higher order goods Activities
depend/live on re-circulated within urban
place and its hinterland Basic Economic
Activities Serve outside an urban area its
hinterland Goods and Services are, in effect,
exported thus bring to urban area Examples
Anchor Hocking, BankOne, Compuserve, COSI, Honda,
Limited, Longaberger, Mead Paper, Nationwide,
Ohio State Fair, OSU, Ricart, Wendys A given
activity can be both basic non-basic locus of
market determines E.g., in so far as Wendys
sells within Columbus/hinterland non-basic
sales outside basic Urban areas often
specialize in basic activities Examples
Detroit w/ autos Silicon Valley w/
PC-internet-chips Seattle w/ airplanes More
broadly, Columbus in 70s/80s had economic base
where quarternary activities, relative to
secondary, were major opposite from Buffalo,
Cleveland, Lorain, Sandusky. Hence, sun belt
city in the rust belt and relation to
Fordist/Post-Fordist transition
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GGQ Fig 9.10 Functional Specialization of
US Metro Areas
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GGQ Table 9.1a Population of Metro Centers
and Metro Areas (MSAs) In the US
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GGQ Table 9.2 Canadian Metro Area
Population, 1992
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Table 12.3
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GGF Fig 12.4 Rate of Population Growth Rate of
Population Decline Numerical Gains In Population
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GGF Fig 12.13 Metro Growth and Decline in US,
1980-1990
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GGQ Fig 4.10 50 Fastest Growing MSAs,
1990-96 NB Correspondence w/ Rust Belt
Geographically
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GGQ Fig 9.12 Megalopolis and Other Conurbations
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Cities Terms and Definitions Urban Formation
Transportation Systems of Cities Urban
Hierarchy in Goods Places Urban Influence
Zones Hinterlands Economic Base Basic
Non-Basic Activities Growth of Metro
Regions Internal Structure of Cities Models of
City Structure Concentric Zone, Sector,
Multiple Nucleii Era of Formation and
Development Pre-1950, River 1850-1950, Rail
Post-1950, Rubber Political Policies and
Patterns Annexation vs Embedded Cities
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Fig. 12.24
GGF Fig 12.24 Composite of GGQ Figs 9.13, 9.16,
9.17
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GGQ Fig 9.14 Bid Rent Curves and
Generalized Urban Land Use Pattern
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GGQ Fig 9.15 Urban Population Density and
Distance from the CBD
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GGF Fig 12.23 Population Gradients, Cleveland
1950 through 1990
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Fig. 12.24
GGF Fig 12.24 Composite of GGQ Figs 9.13, 9.16,
9.17
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GGQ Fig 9.3 Hypothetical Spatial Arrangement of
Units Within a Metropolitan Area
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MODELS OF CITY STRUCTURE (Supplement to
Interactive World Issues on Chicago) Cross-ref
River-Rail-Rubber, pre-1850/1850-1950/post-1950
Framework CBD is present in all three
models Concentric Zone Model From Sociology
viewing Chicago in 1920s, embracing Melting Pot
ideal Rail-Era city, but internally at rail
infancy still hi pop density/walking at city
center so could be seen as model of River-Era
city Immigration and Assimilation to be
Americans a central concern/phenomenon (v-hi
immig) Invasion-Succession mechanism changes
the urban landscape Land rent/use reflects
proximity to CBD, gives rise to Population
Density Gradient Peak Value Intersection (PVI)
concept locus of highest and best use Sector
Model From Economics viewing city in
late-1930s Rail-Era city w/ commuter
transportation (streetcar, subway,
rail) Transportation and natural channeling
(river or valley) central to model Later
expanded to encompass auto transport and
rubber-era Population Density Gradient varies
according to direction outwards from
CBD Consider Columbus transects along Broad St
versus Cleveland Ave and Streetcar Suburbs
(Northmoor Sub-Division of Clintonville) Multiple
Nucleii Model From Geography viewing city in
1940s Rail/Rubber-Era blend w/ focus on similar
activities occurring in different places Most
applicable to US cities of today -- Incorporates
towns gobbled by urban expansion, suburban
municipalities, Edge City phenomena Portrays
that urban growth both Accretionist (contiguous
spread) and also Leap Frog Pop Density Gradient
gentler than in Concentric or Sector portrays
multiple centers/CBDs Purer Rubber-era cities
are best fitted by Multiple Nucleii somewhat by
sector
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Era of Formation and Development (GGQ version of
River-Rail-Rubber) Pre-1850 (River) Grew up
around, and city form focused on, docks Walking
cities activities close to one another Densely
built up Some specialized districts (e.g.,
financial, water fronts) Intermixing of
commercial residential land uses Industry/RRs
came after city established so, located away from
city center Examples Boston, New York,
Philadelphia, Quebec, Montreal, Savannah,
Cincinnati, Charleston SC 1850-1950 (Rail) Grew
up around, and city form focused on,
railroad Heavy industry and RR transport
central Commercial activity in CBD factories,
warehouses, rail facilities adjacent to
CBD Better off moved to remote centers (exburbs)
connected by Exurban RR trolley Left behind
neighborhoods of less advantaged and working
class Immigrants R-U migrants settled in
poorer, ghetto-type neighborhoods Middle class
moved outwards (later) into streetcar suburbs
(not to exurbs) Examples Chicago, Cleveland,
Detroit, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Akron, Kansas
City Post-1950 (Rubber) Grew up around, and
city form focused on, automobile highways (not
water or rail) Many cities never had strong
central core, but scattered, multiple nucleii,
from the start Fewer downtown skyscrapers and
surrounded by remnant single-family homes (not
usual) Little or no density gradient apartments
near shopping centers/employment sites, not
CBD Central rings often devoid of heavy industry
(unlike Rail and River) Examples Phoenix,
Dallas, Miami, San Diego, Albuquerque
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GGF Fig 12.23 Population Gradients, Cleveland
1950 through 1990
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Urban Growth Patterns Over the Rail-River-Rubber
Eras -- River-Era growth an accretion process --
expansion was contiguous and complementary to
existing land uses (housing added on to housing
shopping added on to housing) Also true for
much of the Rail- and Rubber-Eras Increasingly
over time, urban growth is only partly
accretionist In Rail- and Rubber-Era,
Leap-Frog growth (non-accretionist) occurs at
Rail/Subway stops, freeway interchanges, and the
like. Rubber-Era severely relaxes even these
constraints Development (housing, malls, etc)
springs up in cornfields, economic centers are
developed in previously residential
suburbs. Development around/focusing on physical
features such as harbor, river front,
sports-recreational facility, unique
architectural/historical area, etc Leap
frog-type development where an outlying area/town
is developed earlier and the area between it and
existing urban area is filled in (Delaware and Rt
23 corridor is an example. Urban scape is thus
dramatically transformed (Dublin, Delaware,
Polaris (edge city??), Easton (edge
city??), Arena District, Short North, Brewery
District, German Town)
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Social Consequences of Urban Growth Patterns
Over Rail-River-Rubber Eras River Era Relative
integration of land uses Rail Era Initial
Separation of land use functions Relative to
past an increasing immense spatial
differentiation within city -- commerce
separated from industry -- residential and
business land uses separated -- creation of
distinct worker neighborhoods and ethnic
enclaves -- middle class wealthier separated
from poor, ethnic, industry (e.g. streetcar
suburbs (Northmoor Division of Clintonville),
suburbs, ethnic enclaves, industrial
districts) Rubber Era -- separation of land use
functions continues. -- Increased
Suburbanization, Shopping/Office Malls,
eventually Edge Cities, urban sprawl --
Developer communities w/ bucolic names (Asherton
Woods, Bishop Crossing, Blacklick Ridge,
Darby Pointe, Estates at Fieldstone, Lakes at
Worthington, Oldefield Estates, Quarry Park,
Waggoner Trace (MI Homes, Columbus) -- from
earlier (1930s/40s) Glenwood Hills (Erie
PA), Cleveland, Shaker Heights (Cleveland)) Conti
nuation of differentiation, olde world-class-snob
appeal of street car actual suburb.
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GGF FIG 12.18 Major Transit Lines, Boston 1970
2000 (??), Urban Sprawl/ Development Note
transition from Radial-Nodal Pattern to
Circular-Enclosed Pattern
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Note, again, transition from Radial-Nodal Pattern
to Circular-Enclosed Pattern Columbus Dept of
Development, http//www.columbusinfobase.org/ZMISC
ELLANEOUS/growth_map.htm
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NB Negative growth within 270 Positive outside
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Composite Map Snagged from Interactive World
Issues, Chicago Part 1 NB Negative or Very Low
Growth in Older Rings Higher Growth Outside
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Fig. 12.35
GGF 12.35 Las Vegas, the Ultimate in Sprawl
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GGF Fig 8.19 Leading US Ports, 1997, Container
Traffic
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Chapter 12 Human Impact on The Environment