Networking

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Networking
Introduction
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Basic Computer Functions

• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Local, Dialup, LAN/WAN
• Storage
• Local, Dialup, LAN/WAN

Von Neumann
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Networking Overview

• Physical
• Network Topologies
• Devices
• Media
• Functional/Logical
• Category - Scope/Workload Characterization
• Interface Specifications/Models
• Protocols/Standards

4
Network Planning

• A Punchlist

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Components

• Infrastructure
• Client/Server - Servers/Workstations
• Infrastructure - Concentrators, Routers, Switches
• Topology
• Media
• NOS

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Minimum physical requirements Computer Hardware

• Chipset - Processor
• Memory
• Storage
• Network Interface
• Media/Infrastructure

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Networking Essentials

• Network Bandwidth
• Transmission types, media access methods
• Media grade and costs
• Interference susceptibility
• Segment attributes
• Maximum lengths
• Devices per segment
• Installation issues
• Topology, installation costs, troubleshooting
• Connection hardware

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The Network Stuff

• Organization Workflows
• NOS Services, Interoperability
• Site Topology well-connected
• Media bounded, unbounded
• Hardware including network interfaces

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Planning Information

• Any one network node
• Nodes role in the organization
• Nodes name, accessibility
• Authentication, authorization, auditing
• Nodes NOS, protocols, storage
• The size of its volumes supported services
• What licenses are required?

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Some Networking Tools

• ipconfig, winipcfg, ifconfig
• ping
• tracert
• arp, route
• netstat
• nslookup
• nbtstat, net commands

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Network Design/Management

• Preemptive Troubleshooting
• System Policy and Security Procedures
• Disaster Recovery Plan
• Network diagrams cable layout
• network device specifications
• site topology, capacity, and protocols
• Backup strategies and audit logs

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To be continued
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Networking Scope

• Extent of networked coverage, connectivity and
  function
• Physical/Logical
• LAN/WAN differences in mode of connectivity
• VAN using public utilities AOL
• MAN (campus) fiber optics, FDDI
• PAN personal area networking Bluetooth
• Functional (3rd Wave Technologies)
• SAN dedicated function
• EWN intra-, Inter-, extranet collaborative
  networking

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Operating Systems

• Specific Management Functional Areas (SMFA)
• Generic DOS vs. NOS
• Configuration, Fault, Performance, Security,
  Audit
• Operational Specifications
• Functional Multi-user role of AAA servers
• - Registry, Bindery, SAM (Account DB), AD, X.500
• Physical Multi-processing (SMP vs. MPP)
• Software multi-tasking/ multi-threading design,
  CISC vs. RISC vs. EPIC

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Directory Services Schema

• Users and Resourcesobject classes, instances,
  attributes
• AAA rights and permissions
• Namespace - security consideration of AAA
• Centralized security databases - registry,
  bindery, SAM, NDS, AD
• Organizations - workgroups (P2P), domains,
  trees, forests, extranets (B2B, VPN)
• Mapping functional/organizational names to
  logical network addresses

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Naming Conventions

• Global unique identifier (GUID) 128 bit object
  name
• Distinguished Name (DN) location within trees
  containers and domains
• Relative DN (RDN) Common Name
• User Principal Name (UPN) email address

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Accessing Directory Services

• Admin software clients NWADmin, MMC
• Services Gateway Services for NW (GSNW),
  Client Services for NW (CSNW)

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People, Property, and Processes

• Built-in user objects Admin, Guest domain
  local, global, universal Groups
• Domains have a common data and security context
• Multiple domains form trees root, child domains
• One or more trees (common schema) forest
• Trust relationships between domains
• Replication of this common information for SSO

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Local and Distributed File Systems (DFS)

• CDFS
• NTFS
• NFS
• CIFS (SMB)

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Microsoft Disk Operating System
Microsoft Disk Operating System
config.sys
autoexec.bat
Basic Input Output System
Hardware Substrate
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Windows 3.X Operating Environment
config.sys
autoexec.bat
Basic Input Output System
Hardware Substrate
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Windows 95 Architecture
Applications
Registry
User Interface
Windows 95 Core
VMMngr
IFSMngr
ConfigMngr
Device Drivers
Basic Input Output System
Hardware Substrate
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Windows 98 Architecture
User Interface - 32 bit shell
Windows 98 Core
VMMngr
IFSMngr
ConfigMngr
WDM Driver Mngr
Device Drivers
Basic Input Output System
Hardware Substrate
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Model and Terminology

• View SMFAs in terms of networking models
• Hierarchical (centralized design kiosks, ATMs)
  mainframe, terminals not legacy
• Peer-to-Peer (decentralized design) server
  workstation services
• Client/Server (centralized design)
• Host, client, domain controller, member server
• Domain, Workgroup, stand-alone, DUN
• Logins - Local, remote, roaming, portables, PANs

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OSI RM

• Comparison of models
• OSI
• TCP/IP DOD
• Microsoft

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A Real World Schema

• A Single Workstation
• A Workgroup
• One Domain - Intranet
• Many Domains

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A Real Life Network Model
Workstation
File Server

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

NetworkOperatingSystem
Application
Redirection Software
Communication protocol stack
Communication protocol stack
LAN Driver
LAN Driver
Network Adapter
Network Adapter
Presented by Phillip Schein for CompUSA, 1998
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OSI
Functional Layers

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

Application Logical Remote
Interoperability Interconnectivity
Presented by Phillip Schein for CompUSA, 1998
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OSI
TCP/IP

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

Application Transport Internet Network Interface
Presented by Phillip Schein for CompUSA, 1998
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OSI
Microsoft

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

Application Program Interface TDI NDIS Physical
Presented by Phillip Schein for CompUSA, 1998
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OSI
Microsoft
TCP/IP

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

API TDI NDIS Physical
Application Transport Internet Network
Interface
Presented by Phillip Schein for CompUSA, 1998
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ISO and IEEE Architectural Standards

• Of particular importance -
• IEEE 802.2 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer
• IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
• 10Base5, 10Base2, 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 802.3z
• IEEE 802.4 Token Bus
• IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
• IEEE 802.10 Security specifications!!!
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks
• IEEE 802.12 Demand Priority Access

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Network Topologies

• Physical/Logical
• Bus
• Ring
• Mesh DOD and the Internet
• Star (compare to USB and IEEE 1394)
• Hybrid and DUN

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Network Connectivity

• Firewall technologies
• Gateway protocol or data format converter
• Router
• Brouter/Switch
• Bridge
• Hub passive, active (repeater), smart
• Repeater

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Network Media

• Coaxial 10Base5, 10Base2, 10BaseT, 100BaseT
• British Naval Connector, RG-58
• Twisted-pair UTP, STP Category 3 vs. 5 RJ-45
• Fiber Optic Fiber Distributed Data Interface
  (FDDI) FDDI vs. CDDI
• Wireless IrDA, 802.11

• Network Interface/Adapter Card (NIC)
• in W2K, several software protocols bind to a
  NIC
• device drivers are hardware dependent
• multi-homed servers vs. single NIC installations

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Network Protocols

• Simplex vs. half/full Duplex
• RS-232 and a null modem connection
• Multiuser Network Protocols
• TCP/IP - TCP vs. UDP, the Internet Protocol
• NetBEUI Windows workgroups
• IPX/SPX Novell clients
• LocalTalk Apple/Macintosh workgroups

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Administering Networking Services

• Chipset, bus speed
• Processors
• System I/O UDMA vs. SCSI
• Vendor, flashable ROM, size, seek speed, access
  speed, buffering
• Consider multiple drives, RAID
• RAM 256 MB minimum
• Connectivity ISDN, ADSL (1.5 Mbps 9 Mbps
  downstream),
• T1 (1.5 Mbps 24 channels)

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Addressing a machine

• Computer (NetBIOS) Name
• IP Address with subnet mask
• Default gateway address
• DNS server information
• DHCP client information vs. Static addressing
• Hardware (MAC) address - DHCP reservations
• WINS (if applicable, though legacy)
• or
• DUN speed-rated ISP telephone number, SID

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Router on a network
192.17.2
192.17.2.1
192.17.2.2
192.17.2.3 201.51.3.3
201.51.3.4
201.51.3
201.51.3.2
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Gateway on a network
192.17.2
192.17.2.1
192.17.2.2
Internet Service Provider
192.17.2.3
206.6.20.3
206.6.20.1
192.17.2.5
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Packet InterNet Groper
IPCONFIG/WINIPCFG
Ping 127.0.0.1
(Loopback address)
Ping Local Host
Ping Default Gateway
Ping Remote Host
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Information Networking

• Data Communications and Dialup
• Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
• Physical Network Essentials
• Topology - Bus, Ring, Star
• Access Method - CSMA/CD, Token
• Protocol - TCP/IP, IPX/SPX

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Networking Issues

• Bandwidth total capacity
• Data Corruption physical loss
• Security appropriate at several OSI layers
• authentication, authorization, auditing (AAA)
  confidentiality, integrity non-repudiation
  (especially for ecommerce)

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To be Continued