Thermal Engines A History

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Thermal EnginesA History

• Moises Bernadel
• Michael Emokpae
• Satira Maharaj

2
Timeline

• Ancient Alexandria
• 17th 18th Centuries
• 19th 20th Centuries
• Modern Innovations

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Ancient Thermal Engines

• Heat-Using Machines
• Used for Entertainment
• Early Forerunners of Thermal Engines

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FAMOUS INVENTORS OF THERMAL ENGINES

• Thomas Savery (1650 - 1716)
• Thomas Newcomen (1663 1729)
• James Watt (1736 - 1819)
• Nicolaus Otto (1832 - 1891)
• Rudolph Diesel (1858 - 1913?)
• The Reverend Dr. Robert Stirling
• (1790 - 1878)

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First Thermal Engine

• Designer Thomas Savery
• Patented in 1698

• Workings of Engine
• Steam inside a cylinder condenses.
• Pressure inside cylinder decreases.
• Vacuum sucks up liquid via tube

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Atmospheric Steam Engine

• Built by Thomas Newcomen at Staffordshire in 1712
• Involved injection of cooling liquid directly
  into cylinder

• Workings of Engine
• Steam inside cylinder condenses
• Pressure inside cylinder is less than atmospheric
  pressure
• Piston is sucked downwards

7
Smethwick Engine

• Developer James Watt
• Engines used at Birmingham Canals from 1779 to
  1891

• Workings of Engine
• Powering vacuum located away from cylinder
• Low pressure steam is applied to top of piston
• Vacuum is applied under piston

8
Snow Hill Engine(Rotary Motion)

• Built by Matthew Wasborough for manufacturer
  James Pickard
• First to use rotary motion
• Rotary Mechanism racks and pinions
• Pickard replaced mechanism with crank and
  flywheel
• Crank and Flywheel patented in 1780

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Reciprocating Steam Engines

• James Watt
• Was sent a Newcomen Steam Engine to repair
• He instead improved the design
• Added a crank and flywheel to engine to provide
  rotary motion
• His engine was four times more powerful than
  Newcomens Steam Engine
• Made it true reciprocating engine
• As opposed to previous atmospheric engine

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REVEREND DR. ROBERT STIRLING

• Invented the regenerator in 1816
• environmentally friendly piece of work that runs
  without noise or vibration
• The machine is closed and has no intake or
  exhaust
• Makes machine quiet
• An air engine was erected to the original design
  in 1818 to pump water from a stone quarry
• 1816 Obtained patent for what is now known as
  the completed Stirling Cycle Engine

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NICOLAUS OTTO

• Built the first four-stroke piston cycle internal
  combustion engine in May of 1876
• Invented the first magneto ignition system for
  low voltage ignition in 1884
• A patent for a gas engine was given to Nicolaus
  Otto, and Francis and William Crossley in 1877

12
Gasoline Engine

• Gottlieb Daimler (1885)
• Took Ottos engine a step further
• Recognized as the prototype of the modern gas
  engine
• Gas injected through a carburetor
• First inventor to create a practical
  internal-combustion engine.

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RUDOLPH DIESEL

• In 1894, filed for patent for his Diesel engine
• First engine to prove fuel can be ignited without
  a spark
• A diesel engine takes air, compresses it and
  injects fuel into the compressed air
• The heat of the compressed air lights the fuel
  spontaneously.
• Operated his first successful engine in 1897

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Diesel Engine

• Diesel engines of today are refined and improved
  versions of original model
• Used commonly in
• Submarines
• Large trucks
• Ships
• Electric generating plants

15
Rocket Engine

• Rockets created by Ancient Chinese
• Ceremonial and Warfare uses
• For centuries rockets used as
• Weapons
• Fireworks displays
• Signaling
• Sea Rescue
• In 20th century, a better understanding of the
  principles of rockets emerged

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Rocket Engine

• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
• Proposed the idea of space exploration
• Suggested use of liquid propellants for rockets
  to achieve greater range
• Dr. Robert Goddard
• One of the most prominent pioneers of rocketry
• Launched the worlds first liquid-propellant
  rocket in 1926
• Sputnik I (October 4th, 1957)
• First Earth-orbiting satellite launched into
  space
• Used many of the ideas formulated by Goddard and
  Tsiolovsky

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Rocket Engine

• A Reaction Engine
• Expends mass in one direction
• Moves due to reaction that occurs in opposite
  direction
• Different than most thermal engines
• Uses no rotation as its means of mechanical work

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SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION RAMJET

• Engine that runs at high speeds and are usually
  associated with rocket propulsion.
• Use air collected from the atmosphere which
  usually causes drag and cause the air to become
  extremely hot
• Can cause the fuel to not burn properly.
• Because of modifications to its design, which
  makes it different from normal jet and ramjet
  engines, this does not happen.

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SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION RAMJET

• Modifications
• Reduced engine blockage
• Allows air to slow much easier and stay cooler
  longer
• In turn fuel is burned much more efficiently
• One downfall to this modification is that the
  fuel has to mix and burn at a much higher rate
  because of the increased speed of air flow.
• Causes ramjet to have to fly at a certain speed
  at each altitude.
• This is known as the constant dynamic pressure
  path

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Supercharging

• Jet engines use supercharging as a main way to
  increase growth and improve fuel efficiency.
• Due to the increased air flow within the engine,
  the air is much cooler causing the fuel to be
  used more efficiently.
• Supercharging not only increases the mass air
  flow within an engine, it also increases its
  volumetric efficiency which increases the engines
  horse power and torque.
• Supercharging has become an effective way to
  increase the quality of not only jet engines but
  engines of all kinds worldwide.