Chapter 25 The New Imperialism

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Chapter 25 - The New Imperialism

• Section 3 - European Challenges to the Muslim
  World

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• Setting the Scene
• ''Europe is a molehill said Napoleon Bonaparte
  in 1797. He felt it offered too few chances for
  glory. "We must go to the East," he declared.
  "All great glory has been acquired there." In
  1798, he put his thoughts into action by invading
  Egypt, a province of the Ottoman empire.
• Napoleon's Egyptian campaign highlighted Ottoman
  decline and opened a new era of European contact
  with the Muslim world. In the early 1800s,
  European countries were just nibbling at the
  edges of the Muslim world. Before long, they
  would strike at its heartlands.

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I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• In the 1500s, three Muslim empires ruled - the
  Mughals in India, the Ottomans in the Middle
  East, and the Safavids in Iran.

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I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• Over time the Muslim empires declined due to weak
  governments, corruption, and discontent

Revolts during the 17th century Mughal Empire
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I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• 1700s and early 1800s - Islamic reform movements
  stressed religious piety and strict rules of
  behavior

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I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• The Wahhabi revolt against Ottoman rule was
  crushed but the Wahhabi movement survives to this
  day

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I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• In the 1880s, Muhammad Ahmad claimed he was the
  Mahdi and resisted British expansion into the
  Sudan

Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi 1845 - 1885
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I. Stresses in the Muslim World

• The Muslim empire faced western imperialism and
  Europeans won trading treaties through diplomacy
  and military threats

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II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Ideas of nationalism spread, weakening the
  Ottoman Empire as territories broke away

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II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• European states sought to benefit from the
  break-up of the Ottoman empire

Britain, Germany, France, and Russia all sought a
peace of the Ottoman Empire
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II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• 1908 - The liberal Young Turks, who insisted that
  reform was the only way to save the empire,
  overthrew the sultan

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II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Tensions between Turkish nationalists triggered a
  brutal genocide of the Armenians

Armenian Genocide - 1,500,000 Deaths -The
Armenian Genocide, the first genocide of the 20th
Century, occurred when two million Armenians
living in Turkey were eliminated from their
historic homeland through forced deportations and
massacres.
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III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Muhammad Ali, appointed governor in 1805, is
  known as the "father of modern Egypt"

Muhammad 'Ali Pasha (1769-1849)
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III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Ali introduced political, economic, and military
  reforms, turning Egypt into a Middle Eastern
  power

Mohamed Ali Pasha receiving envoys and
ambassadors of Europe at Alexandria
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III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• 1859 the French build the Suez Canal - Britains
  "lifeline to India - linking the Mediterranean
  and Red seas

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III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• 1875 Unable to repay their loans, Egypt was
  forced to sell its shares in the canal and
  Britain gained control

The Lion's Share of Suez Canal gives Britain
the key to India
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III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• When Egyptian nationalists revolted in 1882,
  Britain took control and made Egypt a
  protectorate

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IV. Iran and the European Powers

• The Qajar shahs, who ruled Iran from 1794 to
  1925, exercised absolute power like the Safavids
  before them

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IV. Iran and the European Powers

• Although they did make some reforms, it did not
  save Iran from western imperialism

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IV. Iran and the European Powers

• Early 1900s - The discovery of oil in Iran caused
  both Russia and Britain to vie for control of oil
  fields

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IV. Iran and the European Powers

• To protect their interests, they both sent troops
  into Iran, outraging Iranian nationalists and
  dividing the people