Strategies of DefenseMechanics of Arrest

1
Strategies of Defense-Mechanics of Arrest

• TCLEOSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• 08/02/04

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18. Strategies of Defense - Mechanics of Arrest
(40 hrs.)
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Objectives

• 18.1.2. Identify methods of weaponless defense.
• 18.1.2.1 Demonstrate techniques of weaponless
  defense.
• 18.1.3. Identify methods of weapons defense.
• 18.1.3.1. Demonstrate techniques of weapons
  defense.
• 18.1.4. Identify basic concepts of weapons
  retention.
• 18.1.4.1. Demonstrate techniques for weapons
  retention.
• 18.1.5. Identify the differences between deadly
  and non-deadly use of force.
• Unit Goal 18.2. Demonstrate knowledge and
  skills of the physical process of arrest.
• 18.2.1. Identify factors influencing an
  officers discretionary authority in arrest and
  non-arrest situations.
• 18.2.2. Identify risk factors and appropriate
  response.
• 18.2.3. Evaluate the advantages of the various
  methods of approaching, confronting and
  interviewing the suspect.
• 18.2.4. Explain methods of applying handcuffs
  and other restraining devices.
• 18.2.4.1. Demonstrate techniques of applying
  handcuffs and other restraining devices.
• 18.2.5. Explain methods of the physical search
  of suspects.
• 18.2.5.1. Demonstrate techniques of physical
  search of suspect.
• 18.2.6. Explain methods of escorting and
  transporting suspects.
• 18.2.6.1. Demonstrate techniques of escorting
  and transporting suspects.
• 18.2.7. Demonstrate the ability to effect an
  arrest.

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Unit Goal 18.1. The student will demonstrate and
know when to use appropriate strategies of
defense (Use of Force is a prerequisite for this
section).
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18.1.1. Identify and demonstrate the three basic
concepts of weaponless strategies.
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Force Options overview

• Professional Presence - entering into a scene.
• Verbal Communications - words, language.
• Weaponless Strategies - takedowns, come alongs,
  etc.
• Weapons Strategies - Chemical/Electrical Means
  mace, stun gun Baton or Impact Weapons.
• Deadly Force.

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Three basic concepts of weaponless strategies
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Self-Control -

• The police role in physical arrest is essentially
  to protect the public and to take the violator
  into custody.
• It is important for the officer to maintain
  physical and emotional control in order to ensure
  the safety of the officer, the arrestee, and the
  public.

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Balance

• Mental balance consists of being prepared to
  first, control your own emotional and physical
  self, and then to restrain the violator and,
  ultimately, the situation, not allowing the
  emotional level to overcome your self-control and
  balance.
• Physical balance is the position that allows you
  the ability to move while maintaining balance,
  strength, and advantage. Proper positioning
  includes staying just outside the suspect's reach
  but where you can view everything, with your gun
  side away from the suspect and with a balanced
  stance.

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Awareness

• Observe the entire situation and
• be aware of where the suspect's hands are,
• weapons,
• associates or
• relatives of the suspect, escape routes for the
  suspect, and
• your own footing.

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Professional Stance should be present during all
demonstrations.
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Verbal Communication should be present during all
demonstrations (except range firing).

• cultural awareness
• verbal persuasion

13
Principles of Self-Defense

• Prevention
• be aware of potential dangers
• avoid overextending yourself
• maintain the proper distance to allow yourself
  adequate reaction time.
• If attacked, move out of the line of force rather
  than try to stop the force.

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18.1.2. Identify methods of weaponless defense.
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Weaponless Strategies

• touching
• joint-locking
• pressure points
• hand strikes/foot strikes
• blocks
• hands
• arms
• legs

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Weaponless strategies may be taught from standing
and/or ground position.
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18.1.2.1 Demonstrate techniques of weaponless
defense.
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18.1.3. Identify methods of weapons defense
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Weapons Strategies specific training
recommended for the desired weapon(s)

• handcuffs (mandatory)

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(Optional Weapons)

• kubotan
• handler-12
• side handle baton
• expandable baton
• other such weapons

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Chemical and Electrical Devices

• tazer
• stun gun
• oc pepper spray
• mace
• similar weapons

22
Impact Weapons

• straight baton
• expandable baton
• side-handle baton
• other such weapons

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A baton is classified as a weapon capable of
inflicting serious bodily injury or death
however, impact weapons may be used in lawful
situations requiring a degree of force greater
than the use of weaponless strategies but less
than the use of deadly weapons/force. (Penal
Code, 46.01(1), 46.15.
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Situations which may necessitate the use of a
baton or impact weapon
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When an officer is a member of a tactical squad
in a crowd or riot control formation, the baton
may be used to move, separate, disperse or deny a
person access to a structure or through an area.
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When an officer is attacked by a suspect armed
with a non-firearm type weapon, the officer may
use the baton or disarm, distract, or disable the
suspect, or to hold the suspect at bay until
additional assistance arrives.
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When an officer is assaulted by an unarmed
suspect, the baton can be used to disable the
suspect or to defend against an assault.
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When the officer is confronted by several
suspects who are threatening the officer, when
the suspects are capable of carrying out the
threats, and when they make an overt act to carry
out the threats, the officer may use the baton to
fend off an attack or assault and make an arrest.
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When the officer is confronted by a suspect(s)
who the officer has reasonable cause to believe
committed a crime, and the suspect(s) refuses or
fails to comply with the verbal commands prior to
searching or handcuffing, the baton may be used
to obtain compliance.
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Justification of baton use
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The officer has the burden to justify the use of
a baton by the totality of the circumstances.
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Consider the physical stature of the suspect(s)
as compared to the officer.
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Consider the need for immediate control of the
suspect(s) or situation due to tactical
determinations, such as

• the officer's perception of the suspect's
  knowledge or apparent knowledge of a fighting
  form,
• the assumption of an aggressive stance by the
  suspect, or
• the suspect's inability to be restrained by
  lesser means due to the influence of alcohol
  and/or other drugs. (Penal Code, Section 9.51)

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Guidelines for Baton use

• Should normally be positioned between the officer
  and the suspect.
• Maintain a good defensive position whether
  left-or right-handed.
• DO NOT INTENTIONALLY USE A BATON TO STRIKE AT THE
  HEAD OR THROAT.

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Define Strike and Non-Strike areas
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Strike Areas

• center mass of arms
• center mass of legs
• abdomen

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Non-strike areas (see also deadly force below)

• above plane of shoulders
• groin
• center of back (spine)/kidney area
• pectoral region (chest)

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Definition would apply to whichever system is
used.
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18.1.3.1. Demonstrate techniques of weapons
defense.
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18.1.4. Identify basic concepts of weapons
retention.
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18.1.4.1. Demonstrate techniques for weapons
retention.
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18.1.5. Identify the differences between deadly
and non-deadly use of force.
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Define deadly force

• Peace officers may use deadly force to protect
  themselves or others when and to the degree they
  reasonably believe an immediate threat of death
  or serious bodily injury exists.

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Relate deadly force to

• empty hand techniques
• control weapons
• chemical and electrical devices
• firearms
• vehicles
• other related topics
• Penal Code
• units dealing with arrest

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Unit Goal 18.2. Demonstrate knowledge and
skills of the physical process of arrest.
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18.2.1. Identify factors influencing an officer's
discretionary authority in arrest and nonarrest
situations.
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Factors influencing discretionary authority
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Officer discretion in arrest/nonarrest situation

• Officer discretion in arrest/non-arrest situation
• Ascertained likelihood of behavioral disorders
• CCP Sec. 14.06(b)

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18.2.2. Identify risk factors and appropriate
response.
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Risk factors

• Suspect's mental attitude/behavioral disorders
• Time and location
• Intoxication
• Spectators supportive attitude toward subject
• Officer attitude

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18.2.3. Evaluate the advantages of the various
methods of approaching, confronting and
interviewing the suspect.
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Direct approach (on foot)

• Advantage - observe all movements
• Disadvantage - lose surprise element and
  vulnerable to resistance

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Rear approach (on foot)

• Advantages- surprise reduces probability of
  direct attack
• Disadvantage - may provoke physical response in
  defense of him/her self

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Side approach (on foot)

• Advantage - suspect off balance
• Disadvantage - cannot observe all movement
  reduces surprise

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One vs. two officer (on foot)

• Visual contact with each other
• Approach should be spread in V formation
• Plan confrontation
• Communicate
• One officer in charge
• Side officer keep hands free, gun away from
  suspect, observe suspect hands.

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Interviewing subject(s)
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One officer

• observe all of the subject's actions
• gun side away from subject
• non-restricted physical position to allow
  movement
• hands free of unnecessary items

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Two officers-

• same as one officer
• V position
• one officer in command

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Physical contact - position

• to side or rear of subject when possible
• subject should be off balance
• keep subject verbally informed of your actions
  and expectations

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Frisk, if justified, for

• weapons
• officer and/or public safety
• one officer vs. two officers
• stress safety
• stress pat down vs. search

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Arrest

• In clear language, advise the subject of the
  reason for the arrest.
• Subjects may resist officers simply because they
  dont understand the nature of the arrest.

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18.2.4. Explain methods of applying handcuffs
and other restraining devices.

• Provide each student with a set of handcuffs and
  the opportunity to apply handcuffs on other
  students. Stress safety throughout the lessons.

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Stress safety throughout
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Positions

• standing
• sitting
• prone
• kneeling

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One suspect

• hands to rear
• palms out
• keyhole up
• handcuffs double-locked
• in an emergency, apply in any manner possible

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Two suspects and one set of handcuffs

• right hand to right hand
• left hand to left hand
• this procedure causes them difficulty in running

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Two suspects and two sets of handcuffs

• hands to rear
• arms inter-locking
• palms out
• keyhole up
• handcuffs double-locked

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Supplements to handcuffs

• tie
• belt
• shoe lace
• strips of cloth
• plastic handcuffs

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Handcuffs are a temporary restraining device only!
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• Baskin v. Smith, 50 FED App. 731 (6th Cir. 2002)
• Handcuffing too tightly and failing to
  double-lock the handcuffs may lead to an
  excessive force claim, particularly when the
  officers have been placed on notice after a
  suspects complaints.
• See Kostrzewa v. City of Troy, FED App. 0128 (6th
  Cir.)
• See Horton v. Town of Brookfield, USDC-CONN, 2001

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18.2.5. Explain methods of the physical search
of suspects.
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Stress safety throughout
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Open area search

• from the rear
• watch the arms
• one holding suspect's waistband from rear
• search with free hand

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Prone Search

• Face down
• Arms extended outward
• Legs spread

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Kneeling Search

• On knees
• Legs crossed
• Hands behind head
• Fingers laced
• Back arched

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Note

• Let hands do the searching.
• Officers' eyes should be on subject to observe
  any type of overt movement.
• The primary advantage of holding suspect's
  waistband from the rear is officer safety.
• Should suspect attempt resistance, he/she may be
  pulled backward or pushed forward, giving the
  officer an opportunity to step away.

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Check local policy or procedure for searching
females.
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Provide opportunity for student to practice
proper procedures of searching on other students.
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Wall Search

• Note to the instructor Most authorities agree
  that the wall search is a high-risk technique.
  The instructor may need to discuss wall search
  techniques that have been used. If it is
  discussed, information about procedures that
  should be used should be obtained from the
  academy's defensive tactics instructor(s).

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18.2.5.1. Demonstrate techniques of physical
search of suspect.
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18.2.6. Explain methods of escorting and
transporting suspects.
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Officers should check departmental policy.
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Suspect(s) are to be handcuffed at all times in
every situation, as outlined below.
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Escort and transport methods
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Walking
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One officer, one suspect

• officer to the rear and side of suspect with gun
  side away
• holding waistband or belt between cuffed hands
  vs. holding arm

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One officer, two suspects

• officer to rear

88
Two officers, one suspect

• to rear of suspect
• one officer on either side
• one officer holding either arm

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Two officers, two suspects

• to rear of suspects
• one officer on either side of suspects
• holding waistband or belt between cuffed hands
  vs. holding arm

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Transporting
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One officer, one suspect

• right front seat, if no cage
• seat belt fastened
• door locked
• officer place his/her gun on left side

92
Two officers, one suspect

• right rear seat, if no cage
• officer, left rear seat, if no cage
• seat belt fastened
• door locked
• officers place their guns on left side

93
Two officers, two suspects

• rear right and center rear seat, if no cage
• officer left rear seat, if no cage
• door locked
• officers should place weapons on left side, if
  no cage

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Note Because of the danger involved for the
officer, one officer should not attempt to
transport more than oneprisoner at a time
without access to special transporting equipment.
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For officer safety, a peace officer should search
the seating or carrying area of his/her vehicle
for weapons orcontraband when going on duty and
also after each prisoner transport is completed.
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18.2.6.1. Demonstrate techniques of escorting
and transporting suspects.
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18.2.7. Demonstrate the ability to effect an
arrest.
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Components

• keep prisoner in sight
• maintain control
• handcuffing
• transporting

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All students must effectively demonstrate
procedures in effecting an arrest.
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"You will never do anything in this world without
courage. It is the greatest quality of the mind
next to honor."    - James Allen
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Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206ELECTRONIC
CITATION 2001 FED App. 0128P (6th Cir.)File
Name 01a0128p.06UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTDISTRICT OF
CONNECTICUTELIZABETH B. HORTON, Plaintiff,
CIVIL ACTION NO.v. 398CV01834 (JCH)TOWN OF
BROOKFIELD, et al., Defendants. MARCH 15,
2001
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