Richard Mayberry

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? Richard Mayberry
Respiration
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Respiration burns glucose to release Energy
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Respiration has three Stages
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
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Glycolysis
Breakdown of Glucose
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Glycolysis
ADP
ATP
C6
C6P
C6H12O6
GLUCOSE
ATP gives a phosphate to the glucose.
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Glycolysis
ADP
ADP
ATP
ATP
C6
C6P
PC6P
C6H12O6
GLUCOSE
A second ATP gives another phosphate to the
glucose.
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Glycolysis
ADP
ADP
ATP
ATP
C6
C6P
PC6P
C6H12O6
GLUCOSE
The 6 carbon sugar splits into 2 PGALs.
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Glycolysis
C6
C6P
PC6P
C6H12O6
GLUCOSE
NAD takes a hydrogen from each PGAL and releases
enough energy for 2 ATPs.
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Glycolysis
NADH
NAD
C3P
PGA
ADPP
ATP
C6
C6P
PC6P
C6H12O6
NADH
GLUCOSE
NAD
C3P
PGA
ADPP
ATP
ADP removes the phosphate from each PGA to
produce Pyruvic Acids.
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Under normal conditions, Pyruvic Acid is the
end-product of Glycolysis
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Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Kreb's Cycle reactions occur in the Mitochondrion
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Mitochondrial Matrix
Cytoplasm
C3
Pyruvic Acid
Oxygen takes away carbon dioxide as the molecules
enter the mitochondrion.
CO2
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Kreb's Citric Acid Cycle
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C2
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrial Matrix
C2-CoA
CoA
C2
Krebs Cycle
C4 Acid
Acetyl
CoA escorts each acetyl into the Krebs Cycle.
Entering the Cycle
C2
Acetyl
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Mitochondrial Matrix
C6 Citric Acid
(C2C4) Acid
C6
Krebs Cycle
C5
C4 Acid
C4 Acid
Picks apart each acetyl.
C5
C4
C4
C4
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Mitochondrial Matrix
C6 Citric Acid
(C2C4) Acid
C6
Krebs Cycle
C5
C4 Acid
C4 Acid
X 2
C5
C4
C4
C4
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Electron Transport
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Occurs along the Cristae of the inner membrane
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Cristae
The Cristae membrane has a series of embedded
enzymes
Each enzyme accepts a lower energy Hydrogen ion
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NADH
H
NAD
Hydrogen acceptors pass excited electrons to the
highest enzymes
As the hydrogen passes 'down' to lower energy
enzymes, ATP is formed at each transfer
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(10x)
NADH
H
NAD
This process repeats for each of the 10 NAD's
from each glucose.
Energy from NAD can produce 30 ATP's from
each glucose.
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2x
The 2 FADH's from each glucose account for 4 more
ATP's.
FADH is lower in energy and passes its H's to
lower energy enzymes.
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Meanwhile, energy depleted hydrogens are building
up at the end of the chain.
H
H
6x
H
H
Six molecules of water are formed this way.
H
H
Oxygen atoms 'swoop' in and pick up pairs of
hydrogens forming water molecules.
H2O
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Balanced Equation
C6H12O6
6 O2
6 CO2
6 H2O
Everything else is recycled.
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Total ATP production from one glucose
Glycolysis 4 ATPs
Krebs Cycle 2 ATPs
NADHs 30 ATPs
40 ATPs
Total Potential 38 ATPs
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Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration
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ATP
NADH
ADP
NAD
C3
C3P
PGA
Pyruvic Acid
ADPP
ATP
C6
C6P
PC6P
C6H12O6
NADH
ATP
GLUCOSE
NAD
ADP
C3
C3P
PGA
Pyruvic Acid
ADPP
ATP
Glycolysis ends with the production of Pyruvic
Acid and a net profit of 2 ATP's.
Fermentation allows continued Glycolysis by
freeing up the NAD acceptors.
Respiration can go no further without oxygen.
BUT, a profit of 2 ATP's is better than none.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
ATP
NADH
ADP
NADH
NAD
C3
C3P
H
PGA
Pyruvic Acid
ADPP
ATP
Placing the hydrogens from NADH on the Pyruvic
Acid converts it to Lactic Acid and frees up NAD
to capture more hydrogen.
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Alcoholic Fermentation
ATP
NADH
NADH
ADP
NAD
H
C3
C3P
PGA
Pyruvic Acid
ADPP
ATP
In yeast and other microorganisms, adding H back
to the Pyruvic Acid produces two products carbon
dioxide and alcohol.
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Both of these processes allow Respiration to
continue producing at least some ATP's from
glucose until more oxygen is available.