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Title: THE SEMOCPI WEB SITE


1
THE SEMOCPI WEB SITE
Thursday March 20th 700 p.m. Room 1, Osage
Center, North Kingshighway
http//cstl.semo.edu/SEMOCPI/
2
The Science of Climate Change
  • Alan Journet
  • Department of Biology Environmental Science
    Program
  • Southeast Missouri State University
  • E-mail ajournet_at_semo.eduWeb http//cstl-csm.sem
    o.edu/journet
  • Whats New?

3
The Road Map to Peas
  • An Arctic Act
  • Some Consequences
  • Global Temperature and Greenhouse Gases.
  • On Scientific Thinking
  • A(n) Historic Perspective
  • A Biological So What?
  • What next?
  • Whorled

4
Whats the difference between weather and climate?
Weather Todays or this/next weeks temperature
and precipitation
Climate Long term annual trends in temperature
and precipitation
  • Its not Christmas but lets start at the North
    Pole anyway

5
Minimum Arctic Sea Ice
THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE
1979
2003
Greenland
Canada
Arctic perennial sea ice has been decreasing at a
rate of 9 per decade. Data U.S. Defense
Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special
Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI). Credit NASA
http//www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/
2003/1023esuice.html
6
THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE
7
The length of the melt season has been
increasing Greenland, Eurasia, and and North
America (gt 60o lat), respectively. Longer melt
periods would mean reduced ice growth season,
thinner sea ice, and less extensive sea ice
cover in the summer. Credit NASA
http//www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/
2003/1023esuice.html
8
Polar Bears
Winter on ice flows feeding on seals that come to
ice holes
Gives the concept of Ice Fishing a whole new
meaning
9
Polar Bears
Winter on ice flows feeding on seals that come to
ice holes
Spring Summer ice melts bears move to land
SummerMaintain themselves and nourish cubs off
the winter fat
10
Summer on land giving birth
http//www.alaskastock.com/resultsframe.asp?gs1t
xtkeys1PolarBeartitlePolar20Bear20pictures2
0-20photos20of20Polar20Bears20by20Alaska20S
tock20Images
11
Polar Bears
Winter on ice flows feeding on seals that come to
ice holes
Spring Summer ice melts bears move to land
Fall / Autumn return to Ice again
SummerMaintain themselves and nourish cubs off
the winter fat
12
Al Gores An Inconvenient Truth
Winter on frozen ice flows feeding on seals.
13
http//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/mar/04/
climatechange.activists
Because ice flows are melting feeding
habitatis diminishing.
Bears cannot find sufficient ice drown while
searching, do not fatten enough tosurvive
summer, More bears are seen near human
habitations searchingfor food.
http//www.alaskastock.com/resultsframe.asp?gs1t
xtkeys1PolarBeartitlePolar20Bear20pictures2
0-20photos20of20Polar20Bears20by20Alaska20S
tock20Images
14
Permafrost Thaw and Boreal Forest Gores An
Inconvenient Truth
15
Permafrost Thaw DestructionGores An
Inconvenient Truth
16
Permafrost Thaw DestructionGores An
Inconvenient Truth
17
Bark beetle damage
14 million acres in Alaska and B.C.The insect
was previously slowed by cold winters
Gores An Inconvenient Truth
18
Global Temperatures 1880 2005Goddard Institute
for Space Studies
IPCC 2007 11 of the last 12 years are among
twelve hottest on record
BUT WHY?
http//data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
19
Carbon Dioxide - A BRIEF HISTORY
  • 1700s Industrial Revolution Replacement of
    manual labor in agriculture and commerce by an
    industrial system based on machinery driven by
    coal-powered steam engines. The textile
    industry led the way
  • 1779 Ned Ludd broke a stocking frame in rage at
    the displacement of workers by machines in the
    advancing mechanization of industry.
  • 1811 Taking its name from Ned Ludd, the
    Luddites established a social movement in the
    British textile industry which smashed mechanized
    looms.
  • - Term now applied to anyone opposed to
    technological advance
  • Swedish Chemist Svente Arrhenius
  • Noted Industrial Revolution and increasing Carbon
    dioxide produced fromfossil fuel burning.
  • He understood role of CO2 in heating atmosphere
    and predicted doubling CO2 would increase
    planet temperature several degrees.
  • Arrhenius did NOT win a Nobel Prize,
  • Little attention was paid to his far-out
    prediction.
  • 1960 Keeling, C.D. 1960. The concentration and
    isotopic abundance of carbon dioxide in the
    atmosphere. Tellus 12200-203
  • Charged with measuring carbon dioxide in
    atmosphere - was surprised at pattern
  • Air samples at Mauna Loa are analyzed
    continuously to determine trends in the
    atmospheric CO2 concentration.

20
Mona Loa, Hawaii
http//cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm
21
330 ppm
320 ppm
310 ppm
1958
1960
1750 270 ppm.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeling_Curve
22
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeling_Curve
23
The Tilted EarthCauses the Seasons
SpringEquinox
Sun overN. hemisphere
Sun overS. hemisphere
SummerSolstice
Sun overEquator
WinterSolstice
FallEquinox
Molles 2006
24
Earth - Array of Land and Oceans
More Land
Less Land
http//www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid10277439
93ccsearch56386GCIDs15100x001KEYWORDworld
map
25
Summer and Winter PatternsGores An
Inconvenient Truth
Our Summer
Our Winter
Plants lose leaves and dont Photosynthesize
Respiration ? produces CO2
Plants leaf and PhotosynthesizeNet consumers of
CO2
26
The Keeling Curve 1958 - 2008
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeling_Curve
27
The Trend Backwards
The Keeling Curve
1750
http//www.oism.org/pproject/s33p36.htm
28
http//www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/a
r4-wg1-spm.pdf
29
Other Anthropogenic Gases
METHANE Fossil fuel production Livestock Rice
cultivation Burning biomass wood etc. Waste
management
CH4
But CO2 is not the only gas increasing since
1750
So what, you may ask?
To answer that a little physical detour is
needed
N2O
NOxFossil fuel combustion Fertilizers Nitrogen
fixing plants
30
Higherenergy
IT ALL STARTS WITH INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
  • The atmosphere absorbs some of the incoming
    solar radiation
  • Ozone is especially important.

31
What Happens to this Radiation?
32
The GreenhouseEffect
Solar light rays pass through glass.
Solar rays hit surfaces ? turn to infra red
heat ? absorbed ? radiated back as heat.
Glass is barrier to heat radiation.
Greenhouse interior heats up.
This is why your car gets unbearably hot in the
parking lot during summer.
A decent starting point or model but not
totally parallel.
33
The Atmospheric GreenhouseEffect"
NOTE Problem is in loweratmosphere which is
where we live
Infra-red heat
Gases in loweratmosphere absorbthe heat and
retain it does not escape into space as
readily.
Visible light
Earth
Current ave. temp app 15oC or 59oF
Without these gases temp -150C to -300C
34
Positive and Negative Atmospheric
CO2
N2O
CH4
35
The Carbon Dioxide TrendThe Keeling Curve
Data from Mauna Loa, HI
36
400,000 years of CO2
Nearly ? today
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
37
400,000 years of CO2
and last 1000 years
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
38
The CO2 / Temp Pattern
1940-1970Cooling
Temperature
Carbon dioxide
http//www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/cu
rrent/lectures/samson/climate_patterns/
39
Carbon dioxide now and futureAl Gores An
Inconvenient Truth
CO2 Possible Future
600
CO2 Now
If the CO2 ?Temperaturerelationship holds, what
will the temperature be?
Temperature Now
300,000
200,000
100,000
Now
40
A LITTLE MORE HISTORY
1979 U.S. National Academy of Science reports
that global temperature could rise 1.5 4.50C
if CO2 levels double. 1987 Biological effects
reported as Costa Rican golden toad becomes
extinct and climate change is
implicated. 1988 World Meteorological Union and
United Nations Environmental Programme initiate
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
to monitor and report on trends and make
recommendations on appropriate responses. 1989 The
Fossil fuel corporations form Global Climate
Coalition to oppose any legislative response
to the scientifically reported threat. 1990
Climate change skeptics form the Science and
Environmental Policy Project to discredit
evidence on global warming. That there
remains doubt in the public mind is a credit to
such organizations. 1991 Further biological
effects are reported tree swallows are laying
eggs nine days earlier than 40 years
previously. 1992 Ediths Checkerspot butterfly
studies reveal range shifts north and to higher
elevations. The Framework Convention on
Climate Change aimed at reducing Greenhouse
Gas emissions is signed in Rio by George H.W.
Bush and 158 nations. 1997 The Kyoto Protocol
following the Rio Framework Convention is
developed Now ratified by 175 parties
Australia (the only industrial hold-out besides
U.S. recently signed ).
41
e.g. A Medical IssueDiagnosis and Response
Suppose you receive the following diagnosis.
Choices
1- Accept the diagnosisyou have cancer, and
undergo treatment.
But you could be wrongmaybe you dont have
cancer.
2- Deny the diagnosis youre fine, and decline
treatment.
With these Treatment cycles
But you could be wrongmaybe you do have cancer.
What do you think youd do?
What do you think I did?
42
In the Absence of Certainty What is Prudent?
  • Take action to address the condition when maybe
    theres no disease.
  • OR
  • Ignore the condition and assert there is no
    disease when really there is.
  • What level of probability would you demand from
    the specialists or experts?
  • a) 50 b) 75 c) 90 d) 99
  • How many expert second opinions would you seek?

43
DECISION THEORY
  • IN MEDICINE AND SCIENCE WE LACK CERTAINTY
  • TYPE I ERROR
  • Concluding there is a relationship when none
    actually exists.
  • i.e. You have cancer when really you dont
  • or, Humans are causing climate change when really
    we are not.
  • TYPE II ERROR
  • Concluding there is no relationship when one
    actually exists.
  • You dont have cancer when really you do.
  • or, Humans are not causing climate change when
    really we are.

44
The Precautionary Principle
  • Given a choice when information is incomplete or
    evidence uncertain.
  • Opt for the choice that will result in the least
    harm.
  • Its better to be safe than sorry.
  • Which Error would you prefer to make?
  • Type I There is a GHG problem when really not.
  • or
  • Type II There is no GHG problem when really
    there is.

45
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC
Established by U.N. Environment Programme and
World Meteorological Union.Composed of thousands
of atmospheric scientists and climate scientists
throughout the world who review literature,
evaluate what is happening, and provide
consensussummaries.
  • AR-4 Fourth Assessment Report Feb 2007
  • Warming of the climate system is unequivocal
  • Most of the observed increase in globally
    averaged temperatures since the mid 20th century
    is very likely due to the observed increase in
    anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.
  • Very likely gt 90

46
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC
  • The understanding of anthropogenic warming and
    cooling influences on climate has improved since
    the Third Assessment Report TAR 2001 leading to
    very high confidence that the globally averaged
    net effect of human activities since 1750 has
    been one of warming, with a radiative forcing of
    1.6 (range 0.6 2.4)
  • very high confidence gt 90

47
DANGEROUS KNOWLEDGE
Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld
(February 2002) There are known knowns. These
are things we know that we know. There are known
unknowns. That is to say, there are things that
we know we don't know. But there are also
unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know
we don't know.
What did he forget?
There are also unknown knowns. That is to say
things that we think we know but that we dont
know!
Rumsfeld in relation to Iraqs Weapons of Mass
Destruction (March 2003)
"We know where they are. They're in the area
around Tikrit and Baghdad and east, west, south
and north somewhat.
Al Gore An Inconvenient Truth It aint what
you dont know that gets you into trouble its
what you know that just aint so!
48
What World View Allows such Thinking?
  • A White House aid depicted the prevailing view in
    the Bush Administration that Rumsfeld
    represented critic when he criticized NY Times
    reporter Ron Suskind for existing in
  • what we call a reality-based community
    comprising people who believe that solutions
    emerge from your judicious study of discernible
    reality.
  • This was contrasted with the WH view that
  • we create our own reality.
  • After years of creating their own reality by
    the 2007 State of the Union the Bush W.H.
    acknowledged Climate Change.

49
Would you prefer your Physicians
  • Base diagnoses on the judicious evaluation of
    discernible reality,
  • Or
  • Generate an understanding of your condition on
    the basis of preconceived beliefs?
  • How would you like scientists to draw conclusions?

50
Is There a Scientific Consensus?
  • Scientific consensus develops from the judicious
    evaluation of data by knowledgeable experts
  • This is the study of discernible reality.
  • The test of consensus is the peer-reviewed
    scientific literature where researchers
    communicate and exchange ideas and subject
    conclusions to expert review and evaluation.
  • It is not based on the views of politicians and
    political commentators who maintain pre-conceived
    truths that evidence cannot shake.
  • It is not what novelists or internet bloggers
    think.
  • In the relevant peer-reviewed literature there
    simply is no published research contradicting the
    IPCC conclusions.

51
Are U.S. Average Temperature Data Different from
Global Patterns?
gt 0.50C incentury
http//data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/
52
The Skeptic Crichton State of Fear Version
Stops in 1998 generating impression that 1930s
were hotter although novel published in 2004
53
The Little Ice Age
Only if we ignorerecent data can weargue its
now nowarmer than the MWP
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age
54
Regional Trends
http//www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/fig2-9.htm
General warming but not everywhere
55
Regional Trends
http//www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/fig2-9.htm
Note the 1945 1975 trend to cooling
A rather mixed picture human released aerosols
56
Regional Trends
http//maps.grida.no/go/graphic/temperature_trends
_1976_2000
Clearly reversed from 1976 ?
N. Land masses? warming S. Ocean areas ? cooling
Overall warming but again not everywhere
Pattern?
57
Overall Regional Trends
http//www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/fig2-9.htm
While global average increases, some areas
decrease.
58
Patterns in Temperature Variability
N. Hemispheregreater warmingthan S.
Ocean warming slower
http//www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf
59
Missouri Annual Average Temperature (1895-2006)
1938
1921
1954
1931
1946
1904
1924
1917
1979
1895
Warm Period
Cool Period
60
Missouri Average Winter Temperature
(Dec-Jan-Feb,1895-2006)
The winter of 2006 is defined as Dec 2006 and
Jan, Feb 2007
1931-32
91-92
99-00
97-98
01-02
Temperature (F)
1935-36
1904-05
1917-18
1977-78
1978-79
Warm Period
Cool Period
61
As goes Illinois - so goes Missouri.
Now
By 2030summer
By 2030winter
By 2095 winter
By 2095 summer
62
Climate Change and the American goldfinch
63
Northern Hemisphere TemperatureAl Gores An
Inconvenient Truth
64
Historical Patterns in Temperature
BUT NOTE THE CHANGE IN SCALE
It has been hotter but not for 2 million years
Reverse Logarithmic
Arithmetic
http//www.chatham.edu/pti/Pgh_Env_History/Real01.
htm
Its not just the temperature change its the
speed of the change!
65
The CO2 / Temp Pattern
1940 -1970 cooling period
Due to widespread aerosolreleases into atmosphere
http//www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/cu
rrent/lectures/samson/climate_patterns/
66
Number of Papers 1965-1979 predicting cooling or
warming
Wasnt there a consensus 30 years ago of global
cooling?
Cumulative line
NO!
Annual bars
The myth of 1970s global cooling scientific
consensus Petersen, Connolley, Fleck
http//ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/131047.pdf
67
Number of Papers ?1983 citing cooling or warming
papers
Cumulative line
Annual bars
The myth of 1970s global cooling scientific
consensus Petersen, Connolley, Fleck
http//ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/131047.pdf
68
Are temperature fluctuations natural?
Of course the planet has a long history
ofclimatic fluctuations.
The Milankovitch Cycle Solar Radiation
69
Over the last2 millions years4 glaciations have
occurred
18,000 - 20,000
170,000 120,000
480,000 230,000
800,000 600,000
At the peak of the last glaciation ice reached
the Missouri R. and the Ozarks were boreal
(spruce/fir) forest.
How much colder was the planet20,000 y.a than
now?
70
Glacial Maximum 18,000 bp
http//www.geol.umd.edu/jmerck/geol100/lectures/3
6.html
71
Four glaciations struck N.A. in the Pleistocene
Most recent Wisconsin
Beringian Land Bridge
20,000 years ago YA or YBP
X- Cape Girardeau
72
Missouris Ice Age Experience
Approximate extent of the Ice Sheet 18,000
20,000 years ago
How much colder than today?
73
How much colder at the depths ofthe Wisconsin
Ice Age than now
  • a- 10 Celsius app. 1.80 Fahrenheit
  • b- 50 Celsius app. 90 Fahrenheit
  • c- 100 Celsius app. 180 Fahrenheit
  • d- 150 Celsius app. 270 Fahrenheit
  • e- 200 Celsius app. 360 Fahrenheit or more

74
Milankovitch Cycle
  • A 100,000 year temperature cycle results from 3
    component cycles
  • I 105,000 yr. cycle in shape of Earths orbit
    of sun- Eccentricity

75
Milankovitch Cycle
  • A 100,000 year temperature cycle results from 3
    component cycles
  • II 41,000 yr. cycle in the tilt (obliquity of
    ecliptic) of Earth 21.1o-24.5o around 23.5o.

76
Milankovitch Cycle
  • A 100,000 year temperature cycle results from 3
    component cycles
  • III 21,000 cyclic advance Precession of the
    equinoxes date when sun is over equator. Jan ?
    Feb ? March..? January.

77
Milankovitch Cycle
  • Consequence
  • No change in total solar radiation but
  • A cycle in severity of seasons
  • From warm summers/cold winters to cool
    summers/mild winters
  • Glaciation occurs when summer is not warm enough
    to melt winter snows.

http//www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/cu
rrent/lectures/samson/climate_patterns/
78
Coincidence in the three cycles
  • When all the Milankovitch cycles (alone) are
    taken into account, the present trend should be
    towards a cooler climate in the Northern
    Hemisphere, with extending glaciation.

79
600,000 years of solar forcingat 65 degrees N -
Milankovitch
Current Cooling
100
200
300
400
500
600
Now
Berger and Loutre 1991
http//www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/in
solation_graph.html
80
What Drives Interglacial Warm Periods?
  • Milankovitch reduction in seasonal severity
  • ? Warming occurs
  • ? Carbon dioxide production increases
  • ? Enhanced Greenhouse Warming
  • ? Increased Carbon dioxide production
  • ? Enhanced Warming .
  • until
  • X Milankovitch increase in seasonal severity

Positive FeedbackLoop
81
Milankovitch
  • J Imbrie, J Z Imbrie (1980). "Modeling the
    Climatic Response to Orbital Variations". Science
    207 (1980/02/29) 943-953.  Ignoring
    anthropogenic and other possible sources of
    variation acting at frequencies higher than one
    cycle per 19,000 years, this model predicts that
    the long-term cooling trend which began some
    6,000 years ago will continue for the next 23,000
    years

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles
Proposal of Milankovitch (early 19th C confirmed
by 1970s) combined with the temperature
lowering impact of aerosols from 1940 to 1970
was probably the cause for media hype (not
shared by the scientific community) over
possible global cooling.
82
Isnt it all Solar Activity?
The Damon and Laut data appear tosuggest so
The Great Global Warming Swindle But why stop
in 1980?
Because if we dont the argumentfalters.
83
Recent Solar Activity
If its all solar activity, what should be
happening now?
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
84
Instead, the pattern is clear!
http//maps.grida.no/go/graphic/temperature_trends
_and_projections1
85
So what, you might ask?
Biomes of the world.
These control the agricultural and forestry
potential of our land
86
Biomes of the U.S.
Sierra Mtn.EvergreenForests
TransitionalConiferous Forests
Grasslands
Rocky Mtn. EvergreenForests
EasternDeciduousForests
Deserts
87
What Determines These Biomes?
  • Ave. Rainfall
  • Ave.Temperature.

Biomes develop characteristic critical soils.
88
Changing U.S Growth Cold Hardiness Zones
http//www.arborday.org/media/map_change.cfm
89
Biome Climate Shifts
All will shiftNorth
Recall ColdHardiness Zones-the shift is
alreadyhappening.
90
BorealForestDistributionRange - N. Pole View
91
Tree species are limited by climatic conditions
A common tree here now but we will no longer
be in range
92
Yellowbirch
Tree species represent complex biotic communities
of floral and faunal species.
93
As the optimum range of tree species is
adjusted,so is that for other spp.
94
As the optimum range of tree species is adjusted,
so is that for forestry and agricultural systems.
95
Poikilotherms cold-blooded creatures are
temperature dependent.
96
DECISION THEORY
  • RECALL THE ERRORS
  • TYPE I ERROR
  • Concluding there is a relationship when none
    actually exists.
  • or, Humans are causing climate change when really
    we are not.
  • TYPE II ERROR
  • Concluding there is no relationship when one
    actually exists.
  • or, Humans are not causing climate change when
    really we are.

97
Response to Catastrophe
  • Kubler-Ross Five Stages
  • Denial
  • Aint a river in Egypt.
  • We cannot possibly influence climate!
  • Anger.
  • We gotta find someone else to blame.
  • Bargaining.
  • Surely somebody can do something about this!
  • Despair.
  • Aint the extra tire in your trunk.
  • Its too big a problem theres nothing we can
    do
  • Acceptance
  • Its time to figure out what we can do.
  • Only when we reach this stage can we do anything.

98
We only have one planet. Should we take care of
it?
For more information on the problem and what you
can do...
Southeast Missouri Climate Protection Initiative
Campus-Community Group http//cstl.semo.edu/semoc
pi/
Make sure the Southeast strategic plan is carbon
dioxide sensitive.
99
Its not just wild-eyed pinko communist
tree-huggers and whackos who are concerned about
this issue
100
America is on the verge of technological
breakthroughs that will enable us to live our
lives less dependent on oil. And these
technologies will help us be better stewards of
the environment, and they will help us to
confront the serious challenge of global climate
change." -- President Bush, State of the Union
Message, January 2007
WHO AGREES?
State of the Union 2008 President Bush committed
2 billion to create a new international clean
energy technology fund to help confront climate
change worldwide. 
Republican Presidential candidate John McCain has
called climate change a fact, and, as Senator,
has proposed legislation to address it.
Both Democratic Presidential candidates Barack
Obama and Hillary Clinton haveplatforms that
would advance the struggle against climate change.
http//www.christiansandclimate.org/ The
Evangelical Climate Initiative The same love
for God and neighbor that compels us to preach
salvation through Jesus Christ, protect the
unborn, preserve the family and the sanctity of
marriage, and take the whole Gospel to a hurting
world, also compels us to recognize that
human-induced climate change is a serious
Christian issue requiring action now.
http//www.repamerica.org/ Republicans for
Environmental Protection Urges Passing
bipartisan America's Climate Security Act
Good Stewards A Conservative Citizen's Guide
to Climate Change Why Conservation is
Conservative, As Expressed by History's
Preeminent Conservative Minds
Ken Mehlman, former head of the Republican
National Committee, said recently that GOP
candidates should show conservatives how and why
dealing with climate change is consistent with
conservative values.
101
U.S.Supreme Court April 2nd 2007Heard Nov 29th
2006
  • Faced with state requests that it establish GHG
    control
  • Bush EPA argued that the Clean Air Act does not
    authorize it to issue mandatory regulations to
    address climate change,
  • And claimed
  • Even if EPA had authority it would be unwise to
    do so since a causal link between GHG emissions
    and climate change has not been unequivocally
    determined.
  • The Court ruled 54 against the EPA
  • http//www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/06pdf/05

102
U.S. Climate Action Partnership - An
unprecedented corporate coalition calling for a
cap and trade system to combat climate change
American International Group (AIG) Alcan Alcoa
Boston Scientific BP America, Inc.
Caterpillar, Inc. Chrysler Group
ConocoPhillips Deere Company The Dow
Chemical Company Duke Energy DuPont
Environmental Defense Exelon Ford Motor
Company FPL Group, Inc.
General Electric General Motors Corp Johnson
Johnson Marsh, Inc. National Wildlife
Federation The Nature Conservancy Natural
Resources Defense Council NRG Energy, Inc. 
PepsiCo Pew Center on Global Climate Change
PGE Corporation PNM Resources Rio Tinto
Shell Siemens World Resources Institute Xerox
Corporation
103
Federal Action
  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
    Became Law Dec 19th 2007.
  • Liebermann / Warner S. 2191, America's Climate
    Security Act of 2007.
  • Bingaman / Specter S. 1766, Low Carbon Economy
    Act of 2007.
  • Liebermann / McCain S.280, Climate Stewardship
    and Innovation Act of 2007.
  • Feinstein / Carper S. 317, Electric Utility Cap
    and Trade Act of 2007.
  • Olver / Gilchrest H.R. 620, Climate Stewardship
    Act of 2007.

http//www.rff.org/rff/News/Releases/2007Releases/
loader.cfm?url/commonspot/security/getfile.cfmPa
geID31222
104
What does it take to be skeptic?
  • Ignorance of the evidence.
  • Dangerous, excusable, but hard to justify in
    2008.
  • A willful rejection of evidence that challenges
    preconceived dogmatic personal/political beliefs.
  • Dangerous and inexcusable.
  • A failure to move beyond Denial and achieve
    Acceptance a prerequisite to action.
  • Dangerous and inexcusable.
  • If you are ready to act join the grassroots
    campaign to change lifestyles.

105
Climate Change A Symptom
Too many people consuming too many resources and
producing too much waste.
  • Top Ten Policies Necessary to Pursue Global
    Ecological Sustainability
  • No. 1 REDUCE POPULATION
  • No. 2 REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES
  • No. 3 PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS
  • No. 4 REDUCE CONSUMPTION
  • No. 5 PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
  • No. 6 PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIES
  • No. 7 PROMOTE GREEN TECHNOLOGY
  • No. 8 PROMOTE ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
  • No. 9 REDUCE POVERTY
  • No. 10 PROMOTE DEMILITARIZATION
  • http//www.ecoearth.info/ssi/

106
The Southeast Missouri ClimateProtection
Initiative
  • A campus-community non-partisan grassroots group
    of area residents interested in reducing
    Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Southeast Missouri.
  • http//cstl.semo.edu/SEMOCPI
  • or Google SEMOCPI
  • Thursday March 20th 700 p.m. Room 1, Osage
    Center, N. Kingshighway.

107
TOP TEN THINGS YOU CAN DO
http//cstl.semo.edu/semocpi/Information/SEMOCPI2
0Top20Ten20portrait.doc
OTHER IDEAS
http//cstl.semo.edu/semocpi/Information/SEMOCPI-I
ndividual-Actions.htm
IF NOT US, WHO?                       
                                 IF NOT NOW,
WHEN? When future generations ask will we be
part of the problem, or part of the solution?
108
THE SEMOCPI WEB SITE
Thursday March 20th 700 p.m. Room 1, Osage
Center, North Kingshighway
http//cstl.semo.edu/SEMOCPI/
109
The Road Map to Peas
  • An Arctic Act
  • Some Consequences
  • Global Temperature and Greenhouse Gases.
  • On Scientific Thinking
  • A(n) Historic Perspective
  • A Biological So What?
  • What next?
  • Whorled

110
Visualize Whorled Peas
Siberian Pea-shrubCaragana arborescens Lam.
http//montana.plant-life.org/species/cara_arbo.ht
m
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