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HAIFA RESIDENTS -

• A FACTOR IN PREVENTING VIOLENCE AND CONTRIBUTING
  TO THE MACCABIAH GAMES

Dr. Jacov Sobovitz
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SEVERAL QUESTIONS
AS TO WHY HAIFA BECAME A CITY OF COEXISTENCE FOR
100 YEARS (1905-2005)

• Why Haifa, and not Jerusalem, Tel Aviv or even
  Tiberias?
• How did Haifa turn from a small fishing village
  at the beginning of the 20th century into the
  main city in northern Israel?
• What was the background of the people who came to
  Haifa and how did they cope with the objective
  difficulties during that time?
• What fields of sport were absorbed more in Haifa
  and how did they influence the citys residents ?
• How did the 1st Maccabiah Games (1932) and the
  2nd Maccabiah Games (1935) affect the City of
  Haifa?

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CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE CITY OF HAIFA

• Capital of the North
• Third largest city in Israel
• Main port city
• Industrial and academic center
• Right at the beginning, Haifa symbolized the
  realization of the Zionist dream and proposed
  merging cultural and human assets with pioneering
  values and hard work
• Starting at the beginning of the 20th century,
  Haifa grew to become the largest and most
  important city in northern Israel

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FOUR STAGES
MARKING HAIFAS DEVELOPMENT

• 1. Settlement of the Templars in Haifa in 1868

The Temple Society was established in
Germany by Christoff Hoffman. The Templars,
through their diligence and energy, quickly
became a decisive force in Haifa they built a
new neighborhood the German Colony into which
they introduced industrial, commercial and
agricultural methods never before seen in the
country until then. Thanks to the Templars, Haifa
became one of the most beautiful cities in the
country.
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FOUR STAGES
MARKING HAIFAS DEVELOPMENT

• 2. Construction of the Hijazi Railway Line in 1905

Haifa was the most suitable location for
constructing a railway line to the Mediterranean
Sea. Within two years (1903-5), the HaEmek Line
was laid. It has served to transport huge
quantities of equipment required to lay the main
Damascus-Medina line, and the thousands of Muslim
pilgrims who arrived in Haifa via the
Mediterranean Sea, from where they continued on
to Mecca and Medina.
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FOUR STAGES
MARKING HAIFAS DEVELOPMENT

• 3. Establishment of the Technikum (today,
  Technion Israel Institute of Technology) in 1912

The decision in itself to establish an
institute in Haifa, of all places, was important.
It represented a geographical turning point in
the development of the Jewish minority in the
city. A residential neighborhood soon developed
surrounding the Technikum.
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FOUR STAGES
MARKING HAIFAS DEVELOPMENT

• 4. Haifa the Main City during the British
  Mandate (1918-1948)

During the British Mandate, the masses of
new immigrants who arrived in the Land of Israel
had a great influence on Haifa, contributing
significantly to its physical growth and adding
to its character. The German Jews brought with
them many new initiatives and methods that helped
Haifa grow into a City of the Future. During
this period, Mount Carmel was settled, designed
in a style similar to that accepted in Europe,
including pedestrian promenades, cafés, hotels,
sports fields, etc.
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MILESTONES
OF SPORTS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS ACTIVITIES IN
HAIFA

• 1909 Dr. Eliahu (Elias) Orbach (member of
  Bar-Kochva Club in Berlin) immigrated to Haifa
  participated with Ernest Herman in Rehovot
  Festival and won two competitions First Place
  in high jump (1.45 m) and First Place (3 hits) in
  rifling-shooting (standing)
• 1911 First Gymnastics Society was established
• 1912 Maccabi Haifa was founded
• 1914 Dr. Arthur Biram (one of the founders of
  Bar-Kochva Club in Berlin in 1898), as principal
  of Hebrew Reali School, prepared first curriculum
  based on a large amount of physical fitness and
  sports activities.

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MILESTONES
OF SPORTS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS ACTIVITIES IN
HAIFA

• 1924 Hapoel Workers Sports Organization
  established
• 1926 First swimming department established by
  Alex Epstein, who organized the first swimming
  competitions in Haifa Port
• 1926, 1928, 1930 British Club organized swimming
  competitions Maccabi Haifa won most of the prizes

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THE WORKFORCE
IN HAIFA PORT

• The increase in numbers and importance of Jewish
  workers in Haifa Port is clearly illustrated in
  the table below (Jews and Arabs in Haifa Port
  from 1931-1939)

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THE WORKFORCE
IN HAIFA PORT

• The special development of the Jewish workers
  movement in general, and the Hapoel Workers
  Sports Organization in particular as a result of
  competition with the cheap Arab workforce, was
  expressed by the Jews starting to take on
  contractual roles and sports courses being
  offered.
• Many athletes who arrived in Haifa and were
  members of Hapoel joined the workforce in the
  Port, and developed sports and friendship ties
  with the Arab workers in many sports fields,
  especially water sports and boxing. Hapoel
  Haifa was the first Jewish organization that
  accepted Arab athletes to its ranks.

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1935 A TURNING POINT
IN SPORTS AND CULTURE IN HAIFA

• Hapoel Games held a few weeks after 2nd
  Maccabiah games hundreds of athletes
  participated
• Many of the best athletes from 2nd Maccabiah
  remained in Haifa (most remembered is the entire
  Bulgarian delegation comprised of 350
  individuals, including the wind orchestra)
• Athletes who stayed behind in Haifa and joined
  Maccabi Haifa
• Adv. Nahum Heth President of Maccabi Haifa,
  headed the Organizing Committee
• George Flesh water polo player of Hakoah of
  Vienna Club, member of Knesset (Israeli
  parliament)
• Mordechai Yampolksi Chairman of Maccabi Haifas
  Swimming Department

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1935 A TURNING POINT
IN SPORTS AND CULTURE IN HAIFA

• Athletes who stayed behind in Haifa and joined
  Hapoel
• Shmuel Bialik excellent sports organizer,
  outstanding athlete, one of the founders of
  sports in Haifa (1934)
• Adolph (Dolek) Umschweif outstanding
  multi-talented athlete (1935)
• Max Kalpus (Galpaz) outstanding swimmer and
  water polo player from Hakoah of Vienna Club
  (1935)
• The contribution of these six athletes was very
  significant, primarily off the sports field they
  promoted sports and physical education activities
  for many years in the Land of Israel in general,
  and in Haifa in particular.

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CREATION OF SOCIETY IN HAIFA
OUTCOME OF THE MACCABIAH GAMES

• Up until the beginning of the 1940s, Haifas
  built-up area was shaped by the following
  historic and political events that caused a
  change in its position

• The Carmels unique topography
• Haifas broad and diverse economic base
• The contribution of various sectors in building
  and developing the city Arabs, Templars,
  British and Jews
• Haifas being a city absorbing new immigrants
• Haifas central role as the first city of
  northern Israel.

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CREATION OF SOCIETY IN HAIFA
OUTCOME OF THE MACCABIAH GAMES

• These factors brought on the creation of a
  special urban structure in Haifa, which rendered
  it its special character in Israel.
• In the 1920s, the general opinion that
  prevailed was that the most important thing is
  work in the fields. Haifa was perceived during
  this period as a place that enabled pioneers to
  fulfill this task without it affecting their
  pioneering spirit.

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THEREFORE HAIFA
IS DIFFERENT !
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APPENDIX

• A young man, Mordechai Mackleff (third Chief of
  Staff of the State of Israel, Deputy Commander of
  Haifas Hagana fighting forces in 1948), was an
  outstanding athlete and brilliant student he
  was instrumental in bringing on a ceasefire with
  the Arabs in Haifa. From the following story, we
  can learn of the methods of approach and the
  encounter between the Jews of Haifa with the
  Arabs of Haifa
• He didnt have time to explain and just pulled
  out a folded piece of paper from his pocket and
  gave it to them. Ora and her mother read what was
  written and understood that it meant that the
  Arabs were surrendering, but since they, like all
  of the citys residents, werent aware of the
  results of the battle, the words that they read
  appeared imaginary.
• 1. General disarmament of all Arab arms,
  including arms of every type, all explosives,
  military vehicles and other military equipment,
  without exception.
• 2. Immediate removal of Arab barricades. Free,
  undisrupted movement will commence immediately
  under military supervision.
• 3. All foreign men will be concentrated in
  pick-up locations to be determined by the Hagana
  and be deported from the Land of Israel within 24
  hours under military supervision.
• 4. European Nazis will be turned over to the
  army.
• 5. A 24-hour curfew will be imposed on Arab
  neighborhoods and houses to ensure complete
  disarmament.
• 6. Not turning over weapons according to the
  above will be considered a crime and punishment
  will be applied accordingly.
• 7. After the curfew, any person in Haifa can
  continue his work and life as usual.
• 8. Arabs will continue to work as equal and free
  citizens of Haifa, and will benefit from all
  services provided to all.
• 9. Every joint meeting will take place in the
  City Hall building.
• Mrs. Pepper and her daughter looked at each other
  and Ora asked Is it real?
• Motke had no time to explain and just said The
  meeting with the Arabs starts at 1600. At one
  minute to 1600, you will hear the last
  shelling. And he quickly returned to the
  Divisions headquarters.
• British tanks led the Arab delegation to City
  Hall and at 1600 exactly, the meeting commenced.
  This was the first time that a representative
  from the Hagana fighting force sat with British
  and Arab representatives at a table and not on
  the battlefield. The Arabs, dressed in suits with
  a serious expression on their faces, looked at a
  tired boy dressed in simple khaki clothes, whom
  they had never seen before. They felt that their
  fate lay in the hands of this young boy. British
  General Stockwell, chairman of the meeting, said
  that the objective of the meeting was to sign a
  peace agreement. Shabtai Levy (the Mayor of Haifa
  at the time) spoke of the friendly relations
  between Arabs and Jews in Haifa.

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Thank you for your attention !