ADSB and Flight Safety

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ADS-B and Flight Safety

• Gary Northam and Brian Peacock
• Department of Safety Science
• Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
• June 2008

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ADS-B in the Training Environment Masters Student
Projects

• Jeff Avitabile
• Sighting of other aircraft following ATC
  advisement
• Aaron Smith
• Flight instructors appraisal of ADS-B utility
• James Howrey
• Correspondence of ADS-B records and pilot reports
  of near mid air collisions
• Steve Miller
• Simulation of utility of ADS-B for runway
  incursion avoidance
• Related Projects
• Jeremy Smith
• Synthetic vision
• Micah Walala
• System safety analysis of ADS-B as a ground
  safety technology
• Lou Kostyo
• UAVs and the National Air Space

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Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
Utility for Air Traffic Avoidance

• Jeffrey AvitabileGary NorthamBrian
  PeacockJuergen Tank
• Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
• Prescott, Arizona, USA

Journal of Air Transportation - Sorenson Best
Paper Award
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Traffic
http//www.ads-b.com/gallery.htm
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Sighting of other aircraft following ATC
advisementJeff Avitabile

• Sixteen hours of ATC tapes from the busy
  Prescott, AZ airport were analyzed to evaluate
  the effectiveness of ADS-B in reducing the time
  taken for a pilot / instructor to sight another
  airplane following an ATC call.
• 82.9 percent for ADS-B-equipped aircraft and 65.9
  percent of non- ADS-B equipped aircraft reported
  immediate sightings.
• The average ADS-B response time (6.57 seconds)
  was significantly less than the average Non ADS-B
  response time (14.17 seconds).
• It is concluded that ADS-B offers a considerable
  advantage in the avoidance of (near) mid air
  collisions through improved situation awareness.

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Flight instructors appraisal of ADS-B
utilityAaron Smith

• Twenty eight flight instructors (with and without
  ADS-B experience) participated in 4 focus groups
  regarding advantages and shortcomings of ADS-B
• A 7 Pilots / Instructors who had only flown
  with ADS-B
• B 7 Recently Certified Pilots
• C 5 Instructors who had flown with and without
  ADS-B
• D - 7 Pilots who had never used ADS - B

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Focus Group Conclusions

• Instructors with ADS-B experience overwhelmingly
  supported the use of this technology for
  situational awareness enhancement both during
  flight instruction and for recreational /
  commercial flight operations

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Correspondence of CRABS / ADS-B records and Pilot
Reports of Near Mid Air CollisionsJames Howrey

• CRABS / ADS-B records were manually combined with
  pilot reports of Near Mid Air Collisions over a
  three year period at the busy Prescott, AZ flight
  training airport
• The analysis of these data is ongoing

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Technology and Safety The advantage of four
wheel drive is that you get stuck deeper in the
woods
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Related Masters Student Projects

• Jeremy Smith
• Synthetic vision
• Micah Walala
• System safety analysis of ADS-B as a ground
  safety technology
• Steve Miller
• Simulation of utility of ADS-B for runway
  incursion avoidance
• Lou Kostyo
• UAVs and the National Air Space

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Traffic
http//www.ads-b.com/gallery.htm
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Weather
https//buy.garmin.com/shop/alt-image.do?pID9716
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Terrain
http//www.seaerospace.com/garmin/gmx200terrain.jp
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Map
http//www.ads-b.com/gallery.htm
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DOT/FAA/AM-04/20

• Usability and Effectiveness of Advanced General
  Aviation Cockpit Displays for Visual Flight
  Procedures
• Kevin W. Williams
• Jerry D. Ball
• Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
• Federal Aviation Administration
• Oklahoma City, OK 73125
• December 2004
• Final Report

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Williams et al Abstract
Twenty-four pilots participated in a study
examining the usability and effectiveness of a
set of advanced general aviation cockpit displays
under visual flight procedures. Use of the
displays for navigation and the ability to
identify landmarks were measured using both
objective and subjective formats. In addition,
the effect of the displays on the ability to
locate traffic out-the-window was measured both
objectively and subjectively. Differences were
found in the ability to navigate, to locate
landmarks, and in the identification of traffic,
when using the advanced displays. However, use of
the displays decreased the amount of time that
pilots spent looking outside of the aircraft.
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Synthetic Vision(Jeremy Smith)

• Investigation of comparative utility of EGPWS and
  Synthetic Vision for CFIT avoidance
• Synthetic Vision rated highly by pilots,
  especially in mountainous terrain and low
  visibility
• EGPWS warnings still important

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A System Safety Study Using Analytical Tools
and Techniques to Evaluate the Implementation
of ADS-B Technology for Ground Operations at
Non-towered Airports to Prevent Runway
Incursions
Micah Walala
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RELEX
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ADS-B Reliability

• ADS-B affected by
• Multipath
• Possible co-channel interference (Mode S DME)
• Imperfect satellite constellation geometry
  offering less than perfect coverage
• Line-of-sight
• Radio frequency and satellite jamming quite
  unclear now
• Different data link/transponders performs
  differently
• VDL4 the best in both transmission reliability
  and position recording, followed by UAT and last
  Mode S

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Runway Incursion Prevention
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ADS-B and Runway Safety Using Simulation to
Monitor Workload and Predict Pilot Performance

• Steven Daniel Wonn Miller

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CTAF
ADS-B
Visual
Visual
Taxiway
ADS-B
CTAF
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Workload Values
From Wickens and MicroSaint
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Micro Saint Sharp
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Signal Detection Theory

• With ADS-B

• Without ADS-B

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Simulation Conclusions

• It was observed that the use of ADS-B to confirm
  CTAF information during final approach and in the
  run up area would greatly reduce pilot workload
  by providing advanced warning of potential
  conflicts

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UAVs and the National Air SpaceLou Kostyo

• There is technology push and customer pull for
  the use of UAVs in the National Air Space
• Military uses indicate safety challenges
• Sense and avoid technology has technical and
  operational challenges
• Route planning / segregation is the most reliable
  initial approach
• Use of Class C airspace
• Victor airway offsets, altitude segregation
• Free flight??
• Simulation study of alternative strategies
  ongoing
• ADS-B may be preferred technology

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Embry Riddle Virtual Air Space
ERVA
Integration into Syllabus
ATC
Add ins
Microsoft Flight Simulator
Other Traffic
Pilots
Ray Bedard John Wightman Jon Standley Matt Jaffe
Performance Measures
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Conclusions

• GPS / ADS-B / WAAS technology has the potential
  to greatly enhance pilots awareness of traffic
  both in the air and on the ground
• Trust in and reliance on advanced technology has
  reliability, training and security implications
• Transition period may cause problems
• Pilots may spend less time looking for traffic
• The relative roles of pilots and ATC operators
  will need to be resolved

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Reliable well designed technology is the answer
to aviation safety
Providing you dont ignore the human factor
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Backup Slides
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NTSB General Aviation Statistics
(Source NTSB Reports)
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The 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision occurred
on June 30, 1956 when United Airlines Flight
718, a Douglas DC-7 named Mainliner Vancouver en
route from Los Angeles International Airport to
Chicago O'Hare Airport, collided in mid-air
with Trans World Airlines Flight 2, a Lockheed
Super Constellation named Star of the Seine en
route from Los Angeles International Airport to
Mid-Continent International Airport (now Kansas
City International Airport), over the Grand
Canyon, Arizona, killing all 128 people on board
both planes.
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ADS-B Introduction

• Automatic Does not need operator input to
  perform its automatic transmission
• Dependent Derives own position velocity vector
  from the Global Positioning System (GPS) or a
  Flight Management System (FMS)
• Surveillance Performs other aircraft and/or
  vehicles surveillance
• Broadcast Automatically transmits information to
  other ADS-B enabled aircraft/vehicles or ground
  station.

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ADS-B
http//www.ads-b.com/home.htm
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Love Field, Prescott, AZ
ERAU Flight Line
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Response Times with and Without ADS-B
The average response time with ADS-B was 6.57
seconds and without ADS-B 14.17 seconds.
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Comprehensive Real-time Analysis of Broadcasting
Systems (CRABS)

• Thomas Spriesterbach, The Johns Hopkins
  University, Laurel, Maryland
• Stephen Giguere, The Johns Hopkins University,
  Laurel, Maryland

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System Safety Analysis of GPS / ADS-B / WAAS as a
ground safety technologyMicah Walala

• The reliability of the engineering subsystems
  components of ADS-B and the WAAS were analyzed
  with regard to ground safety using system safety
  methods
• FMEA, Reliability Block Diagrams, Fault Tree
  Analysis
• The accuracy of GPS / ADS-B / WAAS was found to
  be appropriate for ground operations
• The overall system reliability was found to be
  sufficient
• Concerns were identified with the security of
  these complex systems

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Why is Ordinary GPS Not EnoughPrecision
Approach Requirements vs GPS Error Sources
Magnitudes

• FAAs accuracy requirements for WAAS Cat 1
  precision approach 7.6 meters vertical and
  horizontal

Type of GPS Error
Definition
Magnitude
Intentional degradation of GPS signal by a
time-varying bias controlled by DoD to limit
accuracy for non-US military and government users
SA
70 meters
Error in measurement and calculation of
satellites orbit
Ephemeris
4 meters
Effects of lower atmospheres temperature,
pressure, and humidity on signal propagation
2.4-25 meters
Tropospheric
Effect of upper atmospheres free electrons on
signal propagation
Ionospheric
10-30 meters
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WAAS Physical Architecture
GPS Satellite
GEO Satellite
WAAS Signal-in-Space (SIS)
Ground Communications Station (GCS)
TCN
Operations Maintenance Station
WAAS Reference Stations (WRS)
WAAS Master Station (WMS)
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Proof of Concept
John Wightman Jon Standley Jason Gunn (FSX)
ERVA Embry Riddle Virtual Airspace
Elsewhere
AC1
Ray Bedard - 6669 Brian Peacock - 6944 Matt Jaffe
- 6947
ERVA can be used for teaching in all aspects and
at all levels of aviation procedures,
navigation, communication, ground school,
aviation safety, UAV operation etc.
Lou Kostyo
Using Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 FS9
Safety Science Building
ERVA allows Pilots, Air Traffic Controllers and
Dispatchers to interact in real time under real
conditions of traffic, weather, schedule etc.
Safety Science Laboratory
Flight Line Laboratory
Dorms?
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Simulation Results

• With ADS-B

• Without ADS-B

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