Ionizing Radiation

1
Ionizing Radiation
2
Locations of ionizing radiation in our facility

• Type, quantity, and use
• Radioactive material is any material that emits,
  by spontaneous nuclear disintegration,
  corpuscular or electromagnetic emanations

1a
3
Restricted/high radiation areas - definitions

• Restricted area
• Unrestricted area
• Radiation area
• High radiation area

2a
4
Restricted/high radiation areas - definitions

• Airborne radioactivity area
• Air dose
• Dose
• Rad

2b
5
Restricted/high radiation areas - definitions

• Rem
• Refer to section on signs and markings

2c
6
Potential safety problems

• Exposed personnel
• Hazards of the facility
• Materials handled

3a
7
Potential safety problems

• Exposures in restricted areas are strictly
  limited
• Instances where employees may receive doses
  greater than those permitted

3b
8
Minimizing employee exposure

• Surveys
• Evaluation of radiation hazards
• Use, release, disposal, presence of radioactive
  material

4a
9
Minimizing employee exposure

• Physical surveys
• Employee participation
• Proper storage
• Waste disposal requirements

4b
10
Monitoring

• Monitoring equipment
• Film badges
• Pocket chambers
• Pocket dosimeters
• Film rings

5a
11
Monitoring

• Employees required to have personal monitoring
  equipment
• Those who work in restricted areas
• Those who work in restricted areas who are under
  18 years of age
• Those who work in high radiation areas

5b
12
Signs and markings

• Radiation areas must have signs bearing the
  radiation caution symbol and the words

6a
13
Signs and markings

• High radiation areas must have a sign or signs
  bearing the radiation caution symbol and the
  words

6b
14
Signs and markings

• Each high radiation area has a control device
  that
• reduces the radiation level
• starts a conspicuous visible or audible alarm
  signal
• Devices are not required for radiation levels
  established for a period of 30 days or less

6c
15
Signs and markings

• Airborne radiation areas must have a sign or
  signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and
  the words

6d
16
Signs and markings

• Regardless of designation, each room where
  radioactive material is used or stored in
  specific quantities must have a sign or signs
  with

6e
17
Signs and markings

• Each room in which natural uranium or thorium is
  stored in specific quantities must have a sign
  with

6f
18
Signs and markings

• Posting exemptions
• Presence of sealed sources
• Rooms with patients containing radioactive
  material
• Rooms containing radioactive materials for
  periods less than 8 hours

6g
19
Signs and markings

• Posting exemptions
• Materials are constantly attended by an
  individual
• The area is subject to the employers control

6h
20
Warning signal systems

• Location
• Characteristics - must be distinct
• Systems are automatic and have their own power
  supply

7a
21
Reports and records

• Records of radiation exposure are reviewed for
  employees for whom monitoring is required
• Individual exposure is reviewed and reported on
  an annual basis

8a
22
Reports and records

• Employees who leave the company can get a copy of
  exposure reports
• Incident reporting requirements
• Requirements for employees not covered by the
  Nuclear Regulatory Commission

8b
23
Standard operating procedures

• A copy of the standard must be made available to
  employees

9a