CCS

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INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CARBON CAPTURE AND
STORAGE IN THE POWER SECTOR RD PRIORITIES FOR
INDIA, New Delhi 22-23 Jan 2008
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF CARBON
CAPTURE AND STORAGE ______________________________
__________________________________________
Dr Murari Lal Advisor Head (EHS) Reliance
Energy Limited, NOIDA January 23, 2008
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Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change CCS Technology

• Since the industrial revolution we have seen an
  increase in greenhouse gas emissions that has
  caused the global climate to change. In the case
  of carbon dioxide this is around 30 more than
  pre-industrial levels.
• This increase in greenhouse pollution is due to
  our continued reliance on energy technologies
  based on fossil fuels - a legacy of the
  industrial age.
• Alternative technologies that produce fewer
  greenhouse gases have, therefore, been at the
  forefront of the debate on climate change.
• Carbon capture and storage is the newest and
  perhaps the most controversial of those
  technologies currently being investigated.

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What is CCS?

• Geo-sequestration is one option for trapping CO2
  emissions from gas or power plants. But not
  everyone agrees ABC (Australia)
• Recycled geological structures to reduce CO2
  Independent (S. Africa)
• Carbon dioxide storage holds limited promise
  Approach could halve industrial emissions by 2050
  Nature

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G8 Plan of Action
14. We will work to accelerate the development
and commercialization of Carbon Capture and
Storage technology by (a) endorsing the
objectives and activities of the Carbon
Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), and
encouraging the Forum to work with broader civil
society and to address the barriers to the public
acceptability of CCS technology (b) inviting the
IEA to work with the CSLF to hold a workshop on
short-term opportunities for CCS in the fossil
fuel sector, including from Enhanced Oil Recovery
and CO2 removal from natural gas production (c)
inviting the IEA to work with the CSLF to study
definitions, costs, and scope for capture ready
plant and consider economic incentives (d)
collaborating with key developing countries to
research options for geological CO2 storage
and (e) working with industry and with national
and international research programmes and
partnerships to explore the potential of CCS
technologies, including with developing countries.
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IPCC Special Report - presented at COP/MOP1
Although a number of technical issues dealing
with storage safety, monitoring and longevity are
still outstanding, the public acceptance of
geological storage is probably the overriding
issue - Royal Society of Chemistry
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• US Hopes to reverse oil decline by burying CO2
  Reuters, March 13, 2006 / US Says CO2 Injection
  could quadruple oil reserves, Reuters, March 4,
  2006
• U.K. Favors Clean' Fossil Fuel Over Nuclear
  Power, Morley Says Bloomberg, Sept 26, 2005
• Nuclear plants are expensive and if you're
  looking at the energy mix, then at the moment I
  think you'll probably get more value from
  investment in clean coal. Elliot Morley, MP
• UK's clean coal energy solution Un-mined coal in
  Wales could be the answer to Britain's energy
  crisis BBC News, Oct 12, 2005
• It seems like absolutely amazing science
  fiction... but it's already being done in Algeria
  and elsewhere, and highly productively - Huw
  Irranca-Davies, MP

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Greenhouse Gas Grave
Despite the critics, massive geo-sequestration
projects are already underway in Australia Is
burying hundreds of tonnes of carbon dioxide
underground - a novel way to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions or a large-scale attempt at
sweeping them under the rug?
Renewable energy would reduce our dependence on
coal
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CO2 Storage Potential
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Projects on Social and Political Aspects of CCS

• AGS National opinion polls and stakeholders
• CCP/CCP2 Regulatory and regional assessments
• Manchester/Tyndall Focus groups and media
• CATO Informed preferences
• CSIRO Regional opinion poll and stakeholders
• CMU/SFU/Calgary Focus groups and national poll
• WRI Regulatory and policy gaps
• DOE Regional partnerships Media and
  stakeholders
• ACCSEPT Legal, regulatory and stakeholder
  analysis
• C2S2RN Loose network of groups working on CCS

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Indias Environment CCS
India's large reserves of coal are a major asset
to the country, accounting for 70 percent of
India's current production of electricity.
However, excessive use of this form of energy
productionespecially without the use of
strategies to mitigate its effectswill continue
to cause the quality of the country's air, land,
and water resources to deteriorate. The
"Business as Usual" Scenario without significant
changes in power sector policy in India will
produce 775 million metric tons of CO2 emissions
per year by the year 2015 (as compared with 1,000
million metric tons per year now produced by
power generation in the entire European Union).
However, India will be producing SO2, NOX,
particulate emissions, and ash at three times the
current levels and Ash disposal facilities around
power plants will require 1 square meter of land
per person.
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Indias Environment CCS
Currently the power sector in India is on the
verge of fundamental and significant reforms (a
more liberal system with market prices,
competition, a greater role for the private
sector, and commercial incentives) that have
profound implications for environmental
management. It has been suggested that, in
India, carbon emission from thermal power plants
can be brought down from 0.73 tonnes per megawatt
hour (MWh) of electricity generated to 0.49
tonnes per MWh through greater efficiencies.
During this time of transition, it is critical
to determine how best to take advantage of the
technological innovations and opportunities it
presents to protect our environment and avert
threats to public health.
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Carbon Capture Storage

• Advanced technologies will play a critical role
  in achieving significant greenhouse gas
  reductions.
• The adoption of advanced technology such as
  carbon capture and sequestration has to be made
  economically attractive.
• The dynamic factors that influence technology
  adoption and diffusion include technology,
  regulatory policy and framework, business cycles,
  industry structure, and corporate strategy.
• The regulatory and legal frameworks that may
  affect adoption include underground injection
  regulation, relevant international and national
  laws, treaties and guidelines, property rights,
  and liability concerns.

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CCS Is there a viable Choice for India?

• Should investors in new coal-based power
  generation pre-design their facilities so as to
  be carbon dioxide capture-ready?
• Is it commercially viable to pay an upfront
  premium to pre-engineer the power plant such that
  the investor has the option - i.e. the right, but
  not the obligation - to retrofit carbon dioxide
  capture equipment in the future?
• These questions provide the investor with three
  choices
• Build a pulverized coal-fired power plant today
  (lowest initial investment, but highest cost to
  retrofit with CO2 capture).
• Build a standard Integrated Coal Gasification
  Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant
• Build an Integrated Coal Gasification Combined
  Cycle (IGCC) power plant with pre-investment to
  ease retrofit to CO2 capture (highest initial
  investment, but lowest cost to retrofit with CO2
  capture).

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Key Concerns about Carbon Capture Storage

• Doubts as to whether CO2 storage can really be
  made permanent. While oil and gas fields are
  reasonably well understood over periods of a few
  decades, the long-term performance of seals and
  the character of other formations such as saline
  aquifers / deep sea (biology impacts) is much
  less well understood. CO2 would need to be
  trapped permanently - meaning at a minimum for
  tens of thousands of years (long-term liability
  for the storage site).
• Continuing our dependence on fossil fuels. There
  are many other problems associated with fossil
  fuels, from the exploitation of developing
  countries to health problems from air pollution,
  from oil spills to the propping up of dangerous
  regimes. Even if carbon capture and storage helps
  solve the climate problem, it may delay the
  uptake of renewable energy sources that offer a
  more sustainable future.
• Health effects. Slow leakage through soils and
  catastrophic leaks from pipelines can all affect
  human and ecosystem (acidification and pCO2
  impacts) health. Carbon dioxide in high
  concentrations asphyxiates.

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Feedback and Comments are welcomed !