Cause and Effect

1
Cause and Effect

• In Argumentation

2
Outline

• Pattern
• Logic
• Avoid Generalization
• Avoid vague terms or unexamined premises

3
Pattern of Argumentation a suggestion

• A. Introduction
• Arousing interest emotion appeal
• State your position.
• B. Body
• Clarify your major argument, and then give
  sufficient reasons to support your position.
• Indicate one or two of the more important
  arguments against your position.
• Refute the positions you have just stated.
• Present additional arguments in support of your
  position.

4
Pattern of Argumentation a suggestion (2)

• C. Conclusion
• Restate your position on the issue.
• Present an emotional appeal for your position,
  perhaps warning what might happen if your
  position is not accepted.

5
Pattern e.g. 1 for Cohabitation

• Blanket Relationship
• Emancipation Relationship
• Convenience Relationship
• Testing Relationship
• How do we develop these ideas to support
  cohabitation?
• If the premise is c. for mutual understanding
• Major Causes Love Convenience
• Two possible extreme Emancipation Relationship
  Blanket Relationship
• For whatever reasons, it is a chance to test if
  the relationship will last.

6
Pattern e.g. 2

• Against killing stray dogs
• Against religious spirit
• disobeys the humanity.
• a waste of our economical resources in the
  society
• spend limited money on the medical expense for
  curing those sick stray dogs, and then ask for
  some kind hearted people to foster them

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Faulty Logic? Simplify the issue Failure to
account for the various reasons

• increasing divorce Rate ? college couples
  cohabitation

8
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• In fact, personally I think that cohabitation is
  a way to shirk the duties of marriage but to
  enjoy the benefits of marriage. However, when two
  of young students decide to live together, they
  have to think about the results beforehand but
  not just enjoy the present time. Nowadays, we can
  see the rate of cohabitation of student couples
  increase and it shows some signs for us and is
  worthy to discuss this problem.

9
Clear introduction of problems Development by
gradation

• (introduction) Nowadays, we can see the rate of
  cohabitation of student couples increase and it
  shows some signs? for us and is worthy to discuss
  this problem. (lack of commitment, recklessness)
• In fact, personally I think that cohabitation is
  a way to shirk marital duties involved in making
  a lifelong commitment to join efforts and build a
  family. What the couples have in mind are just
  love and enjoyment for the moment.
• Long-term consequences Even if the student
  couple are truly committed to loving each
  other, there are some negative social
  consequences they have to face.
• ? Pregnancy ? loss of love

10
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• Homosexual parenting results in gender confusion
  furthermore, it makes children more likely to
  experiment with homosexual behavior or become
  homosexuals in the future. Frankly speaking, I
  strongly disagree with the idea that the best
  household consists of a father and a mother. Good
  parenting is not influenced by sexual
  orientation.

• Homosexual parenting results in gender confusion
  furthermore, it makes children more likely to
  experiment with homosexual behavior or become
  homosexuals in the future. Frankly speaking, I
  strongly disagree with the idea that the best
  household consists of a father and a mother. Good
  parenting is not influenced by sexual
  orientation.

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Re-ordering and modifying the statements

• Indeed, having homosexual parents allows the
  children to have plural choices in gender
  orientation, and have more freedom to be
  homosexuals if they want to. Homosexual
  parenting, however, does not lead to homosexual
  children, whereas unhappy heterosexual families
  have been a known cause for homosexuality.
  Actually, since homosexual marriage and adoption
  have been so difficult, those homosexual couples
  who become parents after careful consideration
  and screening by the social workers, I believe,
  must be responsible for their decision and become
  much better parents than some heterosexual
  parents who give birth to children accidentally
  and are thus unprepared for them emotionally and
  financially.

12
Avoid Generalization

• As the minority in the society, homosexuals are
  not the abnormal group though. Compared with some
  heterosexual parents, who abandoned their
  children and committed child abuse, homosexuals
  are capable of playing the role as good parents
  as heterosexuals or even better. Therefore, the
  quality of parenting is not related to the gender
  of parents.

13
Cause and Effect -- In most situations, more
than one cause or effect is involved

• Specific wording, modification
• (100) wholly. (99) Practically
  all of
• (95) almost entirely (90) Nearly all
• (80) By far the greater part of his fortune...
• (70) The greater part of his fortune...
• (60) More than half of his fortune...
• (55) Rather more than half of his fortune...
• (45) Nearly half of (40) A large part
  of
• (30) A considerable part of (25) Part of
• (15) A very small part of (10) Not much of
• (5) A very small part (1) An
  inconsiderable part of
• (0) None of his fortune..(source)

14
Premise

• According to the religious point of view, all
  kinds of lives should be respected equally, no
  matter to human or any other animals of course
  including the stray dogs. If we did any ill
  behavior, which hurt or killed a life, we would
  be bound to get retribution some day.
• All the religions hold this view?
• Who are we? Are the dog-killers to be blamed,
  or the dog-owners and the policy makers?

15
Premise

• As long as seeing love and respect as our
  starting point, there will be no behavior of
  hurting lives, but replace it with the love,
  concern, protection, and the cherishing attitude
  towards them.
• As long as we have love and respect for the
  living, we will not hurt lives. Instead, we will
  cherish them, show them our love and even protect
  them.

16
Premise not hurt any kinds of lives?

• As long as we love the dogs we raise, we will
  will not think of throwing them out under
  whatever condition. Instead, we will love,
  cherish and protect them.
• Likewise, we should try to find a way to provide
  the stray dogs on the street should be
  commiserated.

17
Vague expressions confusing terms

• Every person has his own daily life habits and
  different likes and dislikes, which may cause the
  other persons dissatisfactory and unhappiness,
  but in love, you wont break up for these trifle
  reasons. So, similarly, after marriage you find
  that your husband has the habit of snoring, would
  you divorce with him? I think the answer is no.
  Therefore, the conclusion is that cohabitation as
  trial marriage is unnecessary.

• Every person has his own daily life habits and
  different likes and dislikes, which may cause the
  other persons dissatisfactory and unhappiness,
  but in love, you wont break up for these trifle
  reasons. So, similarly, after marriage you find
  that your husband has the habit of snoring, would
  you divorce with him? I think the answer is no.
  Therefore, the conclusion is that cohabitation as
  trial marriage is unnecessary.

18
Vague expressions confusing terms

• Understanding means understanding of ones
  personality, interest, family background and
  habits. We can know a person, his/her family
  background and interest intimately through
  heart-to-heart conversation and doing things
  together. Even if this person means to hide
  something from us, s/he will still reveal traces
  of dishonestly if we are observant and patient
  enough.
• Only living habits need to be discovered through
  living together. However, after stable
  development of love relationship, if one loves a
  person truly so that one is willing to marry
  him/her, would s/he divorce the lover just
  because the latter snores or is messy? The
  answer, I think, is no. To cohabit as a trial
  marriage, therefore, is unnecessary.

19
Information

• Macau ???????????
• ????,????????????,?????????????????,?????????????
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• ???????????????????,???????(http//www.chinabiz.or
  g.tw/maz/InvCina/199907-065/199907-058.html )
• ??????,?????????,????,N.609,Jul. 26 - Aug. 1, 1999

20
Suggestions

• Sufficient Research, but try to avoid faulty
  inference from some statistics or singular cases.
  
• Take account of the possible premises and causes.
• Take account of the counter-arguments, give them
  credits when necessary and then refute them.
• Avoid confusion of terms.