I enjoyed the exhibits at the Burke Museum.

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I enjoyed the exhibits at the Burke Museum.

• Strongly Agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly Disagree

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THOUGHTS?
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Top Carnivore - Friend or Foe
Review where we are in the course
Exponential vs. linear growth Explore Top Carniv
ore Friend or Foe Food chains Food Webs Bio
accumulation Competitor or friend of conservatio
n Readings Yellowstone Story Lecture on Con
servation Concept of Shrinking Expectations
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A SAND COUNTY ALMANACALDO LEOPOLD

• I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in
  mortal fear of its wolves, so does a mountain
  live in mortal fear or its deer.

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Pick an option for your summer job (50 days)

• 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, etc.
• 100.00, 100.00, 100.00, 100.00

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Outcome

• Day 20 Penny person 10,486 (5243)
• Day 50 11.259 trillion dollars

• Day 20 100 person 2000 (100)

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Linear vs. exponential growth (or decay)

• Exponential Nt Noekt
• No - initial quantity
• t - time
• Nt - quantity after time to
• k - constant
• e - exponential function (e is the base of the
  natural log)
  
• Linear Nt N0t

http//lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/mmp/applist/decay
/decay.htm
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Illustration/Reference
With each time interval Linear increases by 2 (
2)
Exponential doubles (2)
Population Growth Has been exponential
Population Growth is a function of a number of p
arameters
http//www.watersfoundation.org/index.cfm?fuseacti
onhome.main
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The parable of the lily pond

• If lilies growing in a pond double every day, and
  on the 100th day they cover the whole pond, on
  what day do they cover half of the pond?

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Please make your selection...

• 10th day
• 25th day
• 50th day
• 99th day

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Food Chains, Food Webs, Trophic Levels,
Bioaccumulation

• Obey 1st 2nd laws of Thermodynamics
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed only its
  form can change.
  
• Conversion of energy is inefficient
• Main source of energy is the sun.
• Role of biogeochemical cycles.

http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
ages/F/FoodChains.html
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Trophic Pyramid
Top Carnivores
Omnivores
Herbivores

• Connections between levels chain or web

• Very simple diagram
• 10 rule

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Food Web Example
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Bioaccumulation

• As a consequence of energy flow through a food
  chain (i.e., you must eat a lot!), certain
  compounds can accumulate.

• Examples
• Fat soluble compounds
• DDT
• Tetra-ethyl lead
• Methyl mercury
• Dioxin
• PCBs

160 19 10 8 .00001
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Top Carnivores Friend or Foe
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Foe
Shared space Status Fear Competition
Food
Space Example with sea lions
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Which of the following statements is false.

• Wolves were extirpated in 1926
• Beavers returned after wolves returned
• Elk browsing increases aspens willows
• Rivers became incised with elk browsing
• Wolves are carnivores predators

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The paper argues top carnivores can be critical
in the maintenance of biodiversity.

• True
• False

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Impact is a trophic cascade!
http//www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/aspen/
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TROPHIC CASCADE

• The progression of indirect effects by predators
  across successively lower trophic levels

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Visuals
W.J. Ripple photographs, OSU
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Impact is a trophic cascade!
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Zion National Park, Utah
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KEYSTONE SPECIES

• Disproportionate effect on its environment
  relative to its abundance
  
• Help to determine the type and number of other
  species
  
• Verses foundation species and apex predator

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Summary Top Carnivores

• Exponential vs. linear changes
• First and second laws of thermodynamics
• Energy from the sun
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Food chains, webs, trophic cascades,
  bioaccumulation
  
• Foundation for Conservation Biology
• Fundamental changes in how we think!

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Concept of Shrinking Expectations

• Russell Jim