Industrial Production and Utilization of Enzymes

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Industrial Production and Utilization of Enzymes
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Enzyme Production
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Cost of Purification
The effect of number of steps on the yield and
costs in a typical enzyme purification process.
For example,

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Sources of Enzymes
Biologically active enzymes may be extracted from
any living organism Of the hundred enzymes being
used industrially, - over a half are from fungi
- over a third are from bacteria with the
remainder divided between animal (8) and plant
(4) sources .
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Sources f Enzymes

• Microbes are preferred to plants and animals as
  sources of enzymes because
• They are generally cheaper to produce.
• Their enzyme contents are more predictable and
  controllable.
• - Plant and animal tissues contain more
  potentially harmful materials than microbes,
  including phenolic compounds (from plants).

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Fungal Enzymes
E extracellular enzyme I intracellular enzyme
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Bacterial Enzymes
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Summary of Enzymes

• Introduction
• Features of enzyme catalysis
• Common features increase the reaction rate,
• do not affect the equilibrium.
• Special features Efficient, specific,
  regulated, versatile
• Enzyme kinetics
• - Models for enzyme kinetics M-M, inhibition
  kinetics
• - Effect of pH and Temperature
• Immobilized Enzyme Systems
• - Method of immobilization entrapment, surface
  immobilization and cross-linking
• - Diffusional limitations external / internal
  mass transfer
• Application of Enzymes.