Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Dictionary
• Technically a Bible dictionary is an alphabetical
  arrangement of the words found in the Bible with
  definitions or explanations attached.
• By definition it should be limited to biblical
  terms only.
• Are many terms not strictly biblical, but closely
  relatedcanon, millennialism, typology, versions,
  etc.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Dictionary
• Technically a Bible dictionary is an alphabetical
  arrangement of the words found in the Bible with
  definitions or explanations attached.
• By definition it should be limited to biblical
  terms only.
• Are many terms not strictly biblical, but closely
  relatedcanon, millennialism, typology, versions,
  etc.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Dictionary
• Technically a Bible dictionary is an alphabetical
  arrangement of the words found in the Bible with
  definitions or explanations attached.
• Such topics may be covered in an appendix or
  additional volume.
• By including such topics in spite of the
  definition.
• By calling the work an encyclopedia.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Encyclopedia (instruction in a circle)
• A series of articles embracing the whole range of
  a discipline, usually in alphabetical order.
• Religious encyclopedias deal mainly with
  theological terms, ecclesiastical and exegetical
  history, the history of religion, patristics,
  biography and other general themes with little
  reference to purely biblical details.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Encyclopedia (instruction in a circle)
• Bible encyclopedias by definition treat biblical
  material and topics directly related to the Bible
  completely and thoroughly.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• How do I decide which to consult?
• For quick reference or basic information (e.g., I
  am working on another topic, but encounter a term
  I am not that familiar with and need quick
  information) go to a Bible dictionary.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• How do I decide which to consult?
• For--
• 1) probing the parameters of a topic
• 2) finding very specific information
• 3) ascertaining who the leaders are (were) in
  contributing to the growth of knowledge in a
  particular area.
• Consult an encyclopedia.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use.
• 1) Size.
• The average Bible student may not need the large
  four- or five-volume encyclopedia.
• On the other hand, the teacher and preacher
  cannot get along with a one-volume dictionary.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use.
• 2) Date.
• Authors and editors of smaller works are more
  likely to put out new editions in order to keep
  up with the rapid advance of knowledge.
• This is a much more difficult undertaking for the
  larger works.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use.
• 2) Date.
• But be careful about making the date of
  publication too important.
• Even though a century has passed since the first
  volume was published, many articles in these
  pages are still superior to, and more
  comprehensive than, articles on the same subjects
  appearing in any other similar work. Wilbur M.
  Smith in the Introduction to the1968-70 reprint
  of MClintock and Strong.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use.
• 3) Signed articles.
• Articles in the larger encyclopedias (and
  sometimes the smaller dictionaries) have been
  written my many different authors.
• Their names or initials appear at the end of the
  articles.
• This is important for your citation of the
  article.
• This may also help you to judge the general trend
  of the article.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use.
• 4) General trend of the work with regard to
  theology and biblical criticism.
• How to determine? Analyze key articles.
• Look at the article on Isaiah in Encyclopedia
  Biblica T. K. Cheyne the editor and also the
  author of the article.
• It is too bold to maintain that we still have
  any collection of Isaianic prophecies which in
  its present form goes back to the period of that
  prophet. (Vol. 2, p. 2193)

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use. (Barbers
  answers)
• 1) Is it authoritative? Is the editor a person
  of repute? Have the articles been signed (the
  assumption being that if a persons name
  concludes the article, he or she will have taken
  extra special care in writing it)? Are the
  contributors people of established reputation?

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use. (Barbers
  answers)
• 2) Why was this work written (i.e., what need did
  the editor seek to meet), and for whom? (This
  information is generally found in the
  Introduction or Preface.)

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use. (Barbers
  answers)
• 3) What is its scope? (i.e., is the coverage
  comprehensive?) Are the articles long or short?
  Is the thrust biblical or theological,
  denominational (e.g., Roman Catholic, Mennonite,
  Reformed, etc.), inter-faith, national or
  international?

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use. (Barbers
  answers)
• 4) How up to date is it? Is it an entirely new
  work, or has it been based on an earlier edition
  with the same or a different title? How reliable
  are the maps, charts, money conversions, et
  cetera?

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Factors in deciding which tools to use. (Barbers
  answers)
• 5) What are the recognizable strong points? What
  features make this work superior to any others?
  Does it have any weaknesses or acknowledged
  limitations?

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Dictionary
• Technically a Bible dictionary is an alphabetical
  arrangement of the words found in the Bible with
  definitions or explanations attached.
• Such topics may be covered in an appendix or
  additional volume.
• By including such topics in spite of the
  definition.
• By calling the work an encyclopedia.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Why should I own or at least regularly consult
  several?
• For serious work I cannot be satisfied with
  partial evidence.
• Libraries keep a vast range of books because no
  one book contains all the information one needs
  or desires.
• Especially true of dictionaries need the
  up-to-date for latest discoveries need the old
  ones for quality.

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Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

• Why should I own or at least regularly consult
  several?
• Using a variety of tools helps one to learn to
  judge the quality of evidence he finds that is
  part of the maturation process as a student and
  scholar.

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Bible Atlases

• Should provide maps sufficiently detailed
• To accurately plot historic sites
• To give the names as they appeared in Bible times
• To show ancient roads highways places of
  importance.

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Bible Atlases

• Should clearly mark geographical features, but
  not so as to crowd the text on a given page.
• Longitude and latitude should show the location
  of places in terms of degrees from the Equator
  and the Prime Meridian.

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Bible Atlases

• By means of an atlas you will be able to
• Locate as nearly as possible the places made
  famous by those living in Bible times
• Trace the movements of peoples and armies
• Understand the significance of events mentioned
  in the Bible

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Concordances

• Use and Misuse
• 1) To locate a verse in the Bible.
• Not a misuse, but there are far more valuable
  uses of the tool.
• 2) To collect disconnected statements which
  without discrimination are arbitrarily woven
  into a doctrinal framework.
• At best is an abuse of the purpose of the tool.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 1) To determine the true meaning of words.
• May be done more surely by concordance than by
  lexicon word meanings are to be determined more
  through usage than definition.
• A foreign student, wishing to pay high respect to
  an American teacher, addressed him in a letter,
  August and awful Sir!

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• Dictionary definitions on which he depended may
  have contained the desired meaning, but usage
  gives those words an entirely different
  connotation.
• An illustration of this principle in a study of
  the term Son of man.
• Obvious meaning would seem to be the true
  humanity of Jesus.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• An illustration of this principle in a study of
  the term Son of man.
• Study of term by means of concordance, however,
  revises this original conception and replaces it
  with a messianic meaning.
• Term is Js favorite designation of himself, used
  with far greater frequency.
• Further, in the Gospels it is used by Jesus only
  (one exception when enemies ask what he means by
  it).

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• An illustration of this principle in a study of
  the term Son of man.
• Many of passages in which Jesus uses the title
  are those in which he is making exalted claims
  for himself.
• Is used only 3 times outside the Gospelsin Acts
  by Stephen with messianic meaning and twice in
  Revelation where it has exalted significance.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• An illustration of this principle in a study of
  the term Son of man.
• Where did it come from? Concordance takes you
  back to the Psalms, Ezekiel and Daniel.
• NT usage suggests a strong affinity to Daniels
  usage, where the one with this title is given an
  everlasting dominion that all the peoples,
  nations, and languages should serve him.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 2) For the enriching of word meanings.
• II Cor. 514 Paul writes that the love of Christ
  constraineth us.
• Strongest lexical meaning given for constrain
  is to urge, impel.
• Survey of usage elsewhere in NT points to a
  richer meaning.
• The seizure of a dread disease (Lk. 438)
• The overwhelming force of the pressure of a great
  throng of people (Lk. 845).

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 2) For the enriching of word meanings.
• The inescapable ring of force which closes in on
  a besieged city (Lk. 1943).
• The tight clutch with which a prisoner is held
  (Lk. 2263).
• What did it mean for P. to be constrained by
  the love of Christ? It meant he was caught up by
  a mighty energy equal to those described above.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 3) To distinguish the fine shades of meaning in
  synonyms translated by the same English word.
• A reader of the KJV might be perplexed by Pauls
  statement in Gal. 16-7 about another gospel,
  which is not another.
• Without Greek knowledge, he could determine
  (e.g., from Youngs Analytical Concordance) that
  two different words are translated by the English
  word another.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• Following the two words through the concordance,
  he would find that in many cases no distinction
  in meaning is made.
• But where they are used in juxtaposition, or with
  distinct meanings, one means another of a
  different kind whereas the other means another
  of the same kind.
• Translations may help, but the meaning may be
  made even clearer by tracing shades of meaning
  through the concordance.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 4) For studying the distinctive truths of any
  particular book of the Bible.
• One can readily discover the importance which any
  great truth assumes in any book by noting the
  relative frequency of the occurrence of the words
  which express it.
• The idea of faith in the Gospel of John is an
  example.
• One might be surprised to find the noun faith
  is not found, but the verb to believe is used
  100 times.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 4) For studying the distinctive truths of any
  particular book of the Bible.
• In comparison with 19 occurrences of both noun
  and verb in Matthew, 20 in Mark, and 20 in Luke,
  Johns 100 uses of the word show how important
  belief is in his gospel.
• The exclusive use of the verb tells us that to
  John faith is an activity, not a concept.
• To understand it better, one studies the context
  of each passage listed.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 5) To trace the growth of an idea through the
  Bible.
• Would involve tracing the word which best conveys
  the idea, and related words, first through the
  OT, and then through the NT.
• An involved process.
• An example of this J. B. Lightfoots On the
  Meaning of Pleroma, in Saint Pauls Epistles to
  the Colossians and to Philemon.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 6) To make a character study.
• Nearly every concordance has a section which
  lists all the leading characters of the Bible in
  each instance where their names are mentioned.
• To spot those instances, to study the
  circumstances surrounding each one, to survey the
  interrelations of other characters, makes Bible
  characters come to life.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• 7) To interpret the significance of outstanding
  place which for one reason or another became the
  centers of outstanding events.
• Places sometime assume more than geographical
  importance they become symbols of spiritual
  significance.
• For example, trace references to the city of
  Shechem.

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Concordances

• Proper Uses
• There Abraham raised his first altar.
• There Jacob rededicated himself to God upon his
  return to Canaan.
• There Joseph had gone to find his brothers when
  he was sold into slavery.
• There that the Israelites stopped and held a
  solemn ceremony after entering the promised land.
• Is it any wonder that Joseph instructed that his
  bones be buried there?

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Concordances

• For independent, first hand Bible study, a good
  concordance may be the most indispensable tool.
• Questions answered by concordance use
• What is the relative frequency or infrequency of
  a word or idea?
• In what areas of the Bible is it used most
  frequently?
• What are the interrelations of thought which
  gather around it?

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Concordances

• Questions answered concordance use
• Is there any discernible growth in the idea?
• How does it point forward to Christ?
• What light does Christ cast back on it?

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Concordances

• Advice
• Avoid an abridged concordance.
• Use a concordance based on the translation you
  are using.
• All modern concordances owe a debt to the past
  it is helpful to have an understanding of the
  leading tools of the recent past so as to be
  aware of the strengths upon which contemporary
  compilers have relied.

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Concordances

• Advice
• Important to understand that publishers
  occasionally display some semantic elasticity in
  hawking their concordance wares.
• The three principal terms are analytical,
  exhaustive, and complete.

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Concordances

• Analytical
• An analytical concordance is one in which the
  words of the translated Bible are presented
  alphabetically, with passages in which each term
  occurs being apportioned under the respective
  Hebrew or Greek words underlying the term.

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Concordances

• Exhaustive
• An exhaustive concordance is one that lists
  passages in sequence under a headword, without
  classifying under the various original terms and
  in some way accounts for every occurrence of a
  word in the translation, including the word if
  and other frequently used conjunctions,
  relatives, and particles.

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Concordances

• Complete
• A complete concordance is one in which every word
  is cited and at least one passage is indicated
  for a word, as is the case especially for words
  that occur hundreds or thousands of times.
• When in doubt, read the preface.
• In the case of reprints that lack detailed
  editorial information, caveat emptor, buyer
  beware.

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Concordances

• Youngs Analytical Concordance to the Bible
• Based on text of the AV
• Form of the different Greek Hebrew words
  accompany the English word
• Provides ready reference to each passage in which
  that word appears, making it easy to study words
  like faith, love, and obedience.

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Concordances

• Youngs Analytical Concordance to the Bible
• The arrangement also show how different Heb GK
  words have translated by a single English word
  (e.g., lord, sleep, son, will.
• The flexibility as well as the precision of the
  original languages is thus readily evident.
• Included at the end is a handy lexicon to words
  appearing in the Old New Testaments.

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Concordances

• Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
• Also based on the AV
• Format established by Strong has set a standard
  of excellence for accuracy and completeness.
• Unique feature against each entry there is a
  number directing the researcher to a Hebrew or
  Greek index at the back that contains information
  about the word used and its meaning(s).

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Concordances

• Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
• E.g., under offering a number is indicated
  4503. Lower down, another number is given 8641.
• References to 4503 8641 in the Hebrew and
  Chaldee Dictionary at the back will give you the
  meaning(s) of each word.
• Greek words can be traced in the same way.

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Concordances

• Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
• what this means is that with little technical
  knowledge of the biblical languages, you may have
  access to the learning of others.
• Tools like the Theological Wordbook of the Old
  Testament and the Logos Library System on CD-ROM
  have been coded to Strongs Concordance.

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Concordances

• R. L. Thomas, New American Standard Exhaustive
  Concordance of the Bible
• Patterned after Strongs
• Illustrative of the new works available today
• Lists every word which may be used to locate a
  verse in the NASB also notes the Hebrew,
  Aramaic or Greek word from which the English is
  translated.
• 10 yrs of work went into the work computers
  were used to compile an alphabetical listing of
  words and frequencies.

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Concordances

• R. L. Thomas, New American Standard Exhaustive
  Concordance of the Bible
• As with Strongs, the Hebrew-Aramaic and Greek
  dictionaries are included at the back.
• They have been arranged in such a way that those
  lacking a knowledge of the original languages may
  nevertheless be appraised of the root form of the
  word, the frequency of its occurrence, and its
  meaning(s).

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Concordances

• George V. Wigram, The Englishmans Hebrew and
  Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament
• Arranged by Hebrew word, this work lists passages
  in the OT containing the term with its
  translation in the KJV
• Because it is the usage of the word that
  determines its meaning, and because language is
  always changing, by using a concordance you will
  be able to

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Concordances

• George V. Wigram, The Englishmans Hebrew and
  Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament
• By using a concordance you will be able to
• Assess the general meaning of a given word
• Tie in its usage with different writers and/or
  eras of history (e.g., Mosaic period, united or
  divided monarchy, early or later prophets)

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Concordances

• Solomon Mandelkern, Veteris testamenti
  concordantiae Habraicae atque Chaldaicae
• Contains citations according to sense, proper
  placement of entries misplaced under false roots,
  corrections of grammatical confusions, and the
  addition of hapax legomena omitted in previous
  works.
• If beginning student only uses the biblical
  references at side of each citation, study will
  be enhanced.

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Concordances

• Solomon Mandelkern, Veteris testamenti
  concordantiae Habraicae atque Chaldaicae
• For more advanced student, this tool will not
  only give the accuracy that thorough research
  requires, but will also enable him to study words
  in relationship to important grammatical
  distinctions.

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Concordances

• Gerhard Lisowsky, Konkordanz zum hebraischen
  Alten Testament
• Photographically reproduced from Ls handwritten
  manuscript
• With emphasis placed on nouns and verbs, this
  work is particularly helpful to the student
  engaged in word studies.

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Concordances

• Edwin Hatch and Henry Redpath, Concordance to the
  Septuagint
• Includes the Apocryphal books
• Zealous student will wish to compare the Greek
  words used to translate their Hebrew equivalent.
• Each Gk word in the canonical and apocryphal
  books is listed with its Hebrew counterpart in a
  corresponding numerical sequence.

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Concordances

• Edwin Hatch and Henry Redpath, Concordance to the
  Septuagint
• Because the usage of a given word is crucial in
  determining its meaning(s), the inclusion of the
  Apocrypha is important.
• Were this not the case, we would have needed
  another concordance to the non-canonical writings.

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Concordances

• The Englishmans Greek Concordance to the New
  Testament
• Arranged in the same way as its OT counterpart.
• Based on the text of AV and cites in alphabetical
  order by the Gk word the Biblical references
  together with a brief quotation.
• Is relatively easy, therefore, to determine the
  meaning(s) assigned a word by the translators of
  the KJV.

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Concordances

• The Englishmans Greek Concordance to the New
  Testament
• Included in this large work is a complete index
  of the words of the English text with the Greek
  words from which they are translated.
• From this index the student will find, for
  example, a listing of the 27 different English
  words used to translate logos (word).

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Concordances

• William F. Moulton Albert S. Geden, Concordance
  to the Greek Testament
• Is now complete with full citations including
  particles.
• Has become one of the basic reference tools for
  students of the NT.
• Familiarly known as Moulton and Geden.
• Based on the text of Westcott and Hort.
• Contains quotations of Scripture that are longer
  than in most concordances of its kind.

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Concordances

• William F. Moulton Albert S. Geden, Concordance
  to the Greek Testament
• Replete with
• grammatical hints
• the usage of the word in the LXX and Apocrypha
• citations in Hebrew (if the passage in question
  happens to be a quotation from the OT).

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Concordances

• Computer concordance to the Novum Testamentum
  Graece/Computer-Konkordanz zum Novum Testamentum
  Graece
• Indispensable to the study of specific Greek
  words used in the NT.
• Based on the 26th edition of the Nestle-Aland
  text and the 3rd edition of the United Bible
  Societies Greek New Testament.
• Lists every word appearing in NT with the
  frequency of occurrence.

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Concordances

• Computer concordance to the Novum Testamentum
  Graece/Computer-Konkordanz zum Novum Testamentum
  Graece
• as a general rule, words are arranged in
  accordance with their root form
• In case of some irregular verbs, however, the
  word is also listed under the different forms.
• Words occurring in pericope are included with an
  asterisk following each entry.
• An appendix lists the appearance of conjunctions,
  particles, et cetera.

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Lexicons

• Lexicona dictionary, especially of Greek, Latin,
  or Hebrew
• From Gk lexikon, wordbook
• A lexicon may be described as a wordbook or
  dictionary of a specific language, or the
  vocabulary of a particular people.

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Lexicons

• A lexicon is compiled to describe in succinct
  terms the meaning(s) of a given word.
• The etymology is traced through the successive
  stages of the history of the language.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew
  and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
• Often referred to as BDB.
• BDB translated Thesarus philologicus-criticus
  linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae Veteris Testament
  (1829-1858)
• This work completed posthumously.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew
  and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
• Was companion volume to Wilhelm Gesenius,
  Hebraisches-deutsches Handworterbuch uber die
  Schriften des Alten Testaments (2 vols.
  1810-1812)
• BDB first appeared in 1907 and was last revised
  in 1962.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew
  and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
• It depended heavily on comparative linguistics
  and readily translated similar terms in a variety
  of Near Eastern languages.
• Value of BDB lies in fact editors were sensitive
  to the nuances or shades of meaning of Classical
  Hebrew.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• F. Brown, S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew
  and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
• This gave their work an enduring quality that is
  not to be found in other, more recent, lexicons
  that lack flexibility when assigning specific
  meanings to words.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris
  Testamenti Libros (2 vols. 1951-1953)
• Has never attained stature of BDB.
• Provided a Hebrew/Aramaic German/English
  explanation of words and their meanings and was
  based on the 3rd ed. of Rudolf Kittels Biblia
  Hebraica.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris
  Testamenti Libros (2 vols. 1951-1953)
• The order of the words is strictly alphabetical
  and not by root as in BDB.
• Usage is also made of Ugaritic sources not
  available to BDB.
• K-B has now been revised by Baumgartner and J. J.
  Stamm, and is in the process of being translated
  and edited by M. E. J. Richardson (1994-).

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris
  Testamenti Libros (2 vols. 1951-1953)
• The new edition is being issued under the title
  Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.
• so far, four out of five promised volumes have
  been published.
• This revision makes full use of Ugaritic
  materials and information from the Dead Sea
  Scrolls.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris
  Testamenti Libros (2 vols. 1951-1953)
• A feature that makes this new edition more usable
  to students of Biblical Hebrew is the fact that
  words from other cognate languages are
  transliterated.
• Only Hebrew and Greek words are written in their
  own alphabets.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris
  Testamenti Libros (2 vols. 1951-1953)
• A far as can be ascertained, this new edition of
  K-B has special value in the area of etymological
  research and in tracing hapax legomena.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris
  Testamenti Libros (2 vols. 1951-1953)
• Though the meanings assigned different words are
  often influenced by critical considerations, the
  conclusions offered can always be checked against
  BDB.
• Advanced students will find valuable information
  in the bibliography.

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
  (1993-)
• Scheduled for 8 vols., this lexicon is in many
  respects the first entirely new work to be
  published in many years.
• Others, such as BDB and K-B were based upon
  earlier works.
• DCH follows a strictly alphabetical order for the
  entries as they appear in sentences (as opposed
  to BDB where words are placed under the
  tri-lateral root).

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Lexicons (Hebrew)

• D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
  (1993-)
• No cognates from other Semitic languages are
  mentioned, but inscriptional evidence down to
  A.D. 200, together with data from Qumran and Ben
  Sira, has been included.
• As a result DCH does not provide information
  about connections with other Semitic dialects and
  it does not classify usages as figurative or
  literal.

82
Lexicons (Hebrew)

• D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
  (1993-)
• Related words, synonyms, and antonyms are listed
  at the end of the treatment of a word.
• Emendations proposed by BDB and K-B are listed,
  but without any critical evaluation.

83
Lexicons (Hebrew)

• D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
  (1993-)
• DCH gives promise of being a valuable tool for
  the scholar.
• It strength lies in its semantic examination of
  each word, syntagmatic listing of every usage
  with its meaning, and paradigmatic listing of
  synonyms and antonyms.

84
Lexicons (Hebrew)

• D. J. A. Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
  (1993-)
• It concludes with an English-Hebrew index, and an
  English translation of every Hebrew word or
  phrase.
• Though avant-garde and highly commendable, its
  projected size and cost will place it beyond the
  reach of the average student of the biblical
  languages.
• It is unlikely, therefore, to replace BDB for
  practical usefulness.

85
Lexicons

• Walter Bauer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New
  Testament and Other Early Christian Literature
  (translated and edited by W. F. Arndt and F. W.
  Gingrich 1957-1958, and revised and augmented
  by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker 1979).
• At one time referred to as Arndt and Gingrich,
  Bs lexicon is based upon an extensive
  examination of Greek literature, including NT
  words still in use in Byzantine times.

86
Lexicons

• Bauer
• A vast amount of material was mastered and then
  reduced to succinct, descriptive statements
  defining the usage of each word and giving its
  meaning during different eras of Greek literary
  history.
• True value of the work can only be appreciated
  when one reads through the prefatory material,
  and particularly the introduction by Bauer.

87
Lexicons

• Bauer
• Excellent coverage
• Meanings given are judicious
• Grammatical hints are significant
• References to literature outside the NT have been
  well-chosen and are representative of the usage
  of the same word in other sources.
• The volume is indispensable.

88
Lexicons

• J. H. Moulton and G. Milligan, Vocabulary of the
  Greek Testament, Illustrated from the Papyri and
  Other Non-literary Sources (1929)
• Important source of philological illumination
  comes from papyri discovered in Egypt.
• The terminology found in papyrus fragments,
  letters and ostraka, parallels the Greek of the
  NT.
• Thus, much of it may be used to add new insights
  into meanings of words employed by writers of the
  NT.

89
Lexicons

• M-M
• This work is based upon articles published in The
  Expositor (1908-1911).
• Following Moultons death in 1917, Milligan
  carried on the work alone, finally finishing in
  1929.
• Contains numerous parallels to the terminology of
  the NT.
• Investigation of the source material offered in
  the concise format of M-M will not only enrich
  study but also provide many illustrations of word
  usage in the language of the people of the NT
  period.

90
Lexicons

• G. H. W. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon (1961)
• Work based on the material contained in Mignes
  Patrologia Graeca.
• Object is to make available the theological and
  ecclesiastical vocabulary of the Greek Christian
  authors from Clement of Rome to Theodore of
  Stadium, so that researchers can trace easily and
  efficiently the development of Christian thought.
• Informative coverage is given terms like
  apostolos, episkopos, presbuteros, .

91
Lexicons

• G. H. W. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon (1961)
• Values of such a lexicon are many.
• 1) As far as the development of doctrine is
  concerned, we can trace by e.g. as well as
  precept either the early churchs adherence to
  sound doctrine or its departure from it.
• The reasons for the latter frequently parallel
  trends in our own time.
• Human nature remains the same.

92
Lexicons

• G. H. W. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon (1961)
• Values of such a lexicon are many.
• 2) In the course of history, changes in the usage
  of words and their meaning were inevitable.
• Disciple in the Gospels used of one who had
  counted the cost of following Christ.
• In the era of the early church it came to be
  applied to those whose manner of life would
  permit this term to be connected with their name.

93
Lexicons

• G. H. W. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon (1961)
• Values of such a lexicon are many.
• Often death by martyrdom was regarded as the
  criterion for calling one a disciple.
• Lampe begins with a list of authors and their
  writings.
• Each of the references can be traced to the Loeb
  Classical Library.

94
Lexicons

• H. C. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek-English Lexicon
  (1897/1996)
• A revised and updated edition was prepared for
  publication by H. S. Jones with the assistance of
  R. McKenzie (1940) and a Supplement by E. A.
  Barber was issued in 1968.
• Provides access to the classical period of Greek
  literature.
• An index to Greek authors and their works is
  found in the introductory materials.

95
Lexicons

• H. C. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek-English Lexicon
  (1897/1996)
• While this work is of value primarily for the
  access it provides to the classical period,
  literature is also cited through to the 6th c.
  A.D. (including the Septuagint and Apocrypha).
• Obviously, the closer the reference is to the NT
  era, the greater will be its bearing on the
  meaning of the word in the language of the NT.

96
Lexicons

• H. C. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek-English Lexicon
  (1897/1996)
• Note of caution
• Do not buy an abridged edition.
• An abridgement is valuable only to the student of
  classical Greek.
• An abridgement is valueless for NT study.

97
Lexicons

• Joseph Henry Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon (1886)
• A translation of Wilke-Grimms 2nd ed. (1879).
• A corrected edition appeared in 1889 and made
  Thayer a standard name in the English speaking
  theological world until 1957.
• Followed the comparative philology school with
  its proportionately greater emphasis on etymology
  as compared with more recent approaches.

98
Lexicons

• Joseph Henry Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon (1886)

99
Lexicons
100
Use of Lexicons

• Primary purposeto bring together within
  convenient range the evidence for making a
  judgment concerning the precise meaning of a
  term.
• What types of evidence can be found in a lexicon?
• 1) Identification of word forms
• 2) Etymology
• 3) Classification of usage
• 4) Discrimination of synonyms

101
Use of Lexicons

• 1) Identification of Word Forms
• One of first tests of the beginner in learning a
  new language is his ability to identify word
  forms correctly.
• Whenever one encounters new or unfamiliar words,
  recourse to the lexicon is necessary.
• While the structural form of words is treated by
  a grammar, the lexicon provides a useful index to
  word forms.

102
Use of Lexicons

• 1) Identification of Word Forms
• Since most irregularities occur in the verb, the
  lexicon provides clues to such irregular forms by
  citing the principal parts of the most important,
  or the most irregular, verbs these forms are
  usually supplied at the head of the particular
  article being consulted.

103
Use of Lexicons

• 1) Identification of Word Forms
• Once the correct form has been identified, it
  remains to complete the process of analysis of
  the function of the verb in a particular
  instance several factors assist in the analysis.
• 1) The verb root this will indicate the meaning
  of the verbal idea.
• 2) Tense force this will identify the kind of
  action involved, whether durative, punctiliar, or
  completed.

104
Use of Lexicons

• 1) Identification of Word Forms
• 3) The relation of the verb to the context, that
  is, the connection between the verb and the other
  parts of the sentence.

105
Use of Lexicons

• 2) Etymology
• Word roots have the power to create pictures in
  the mind and so to vivify the reading of the Gk
  NT.
• The lexicon shows, for instance, that the word
  translated to fear comes from a root meaning
  to run the word soul stems from a root
  meaning to breathe the root meaning of the
  word for life (zoe) is reflected in our Eng.
  word vitality.

106
Use of Lexicons

• 2) Etymology
• Words are not like disconnected atoms they grow
  from roots and they form clusters in families.
• So, words, like people, have ancestors and
  display family relationships.
• The lexicon serves as an index to derivation by
  enabling the reader to trace family relationships
  to their source wherever possible.

107
Use of Lexicons

• 3) Classification of usage
• Since one word may be used in a variety of ways,
  the NT lexicon offers an attempted classification
  of usage.
• Here the lexicographer must play the role of an
  interpreter and state what appears to him to be
  the specific meaning of the word in a given
  passage
• He then cites other instances of identical or
  similar usage under a single heading.

108
Use of Lexicons

• 3) Classification of usage
• The student must learn always to exercise the
  greatest care and not to infer without
  examination that all the passages cited are
  exactly similar.
• He should regard what the lexicon presents as an
  index to evidence, and the classification of
  usage as one specialists opinion based upon that
  evidence.

109
Use of Lexicons

• 3) Classification of usage
• He must then weigh this evidence for himself in
  the light of the specific contexts where the word
  occurs.

110
Use of Lexicons

• 4) Discrimination of synonyms
• One of the most rewarding uses of the NT lexicon
  is the discrimination of those words which
  occasionally may be used interchangeably.
• The lexicon shows why in certain cases one would
  be appropriate and the other not.
• For e.g., a person can be tested or tried in many
  ways.

111
Use of Lexicons

• 4) Discrimination of synonyms
• James (112) declares that the man who endures
  temptation is blessed, for when he is tried, he
  shall receive the crown of life.
• Temptation and tried cannot be interchanged
  here without doing violence to James meaning.
• The fine shades of meaning inherent in Greek
  synonyms are not always made explicit in English
  translations.

112
Use of Lexicons

• 4) Discrimination of synonyms
• In Eng., one word sometimes is used to translate
  several words in Greek.
• Typical examples of such words in NT vocabulary
  are love, fear, labor, power, know,
  send, ask, tempt, gift, and so on.
• Lexicons may attempt to provide a basis for
  distinction by means of special notes at the ends
  of articles.

113
Use of Lexicons

• 4) Discrimination of synonyms
• The notes may indicate the most important
  contexts in which the synonyms occur together.
• When these passages have been located, insights
  into their meanings may be provided by observing
  instances of their use in classical and
  Septuagint Greek as well as in Koine, and by
  considering other NT contexts in which they occur.

114
Use of Lexicons

• Old Friends (known words)
• Every beginning Gk student knows onoma, name why
  bother to use the lexicon.
• The big lexicon sketches the vivid associations
  made by the ancients between the name and the
  qualities possessed by a person or thing.
• It details the implications of all phrases
  involving the name of God and Christ.

115
Use of Lexicons

• Old Friends (known words)
• The word onoma, does not itself mean all the
  things suggested.
• But the lexicon invites consideration of contexts
  in which the word takes on meaning beyond the its
  mere dictionary meaning.

116
Use of Lexicons

• Old Friends (known words)
• Almost everyone associates the expression wait
  on tables (Acts 62) with food.
• A look at BAGD under trapedza the very strong
  possibility that the apostles were entangling
  themselves in time-consuming bookkeeping.
• The apostles are then rejecting their role of
  bankers and not simply that of butlers.

117
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• One ought not only remain open to new and
  increased appreciation of old friends.
• It is equally rewarding to understand their
  environment.

118
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• In Acts 2030 Paul views with concern the
  inevitable arrival of false teachers.
• The word apospao translated entice is found in
  a papyrus of the 3rd c. B.C.
• You wrote me not to withdraw the gang (of
  workmen engaged in the copper mines) from
  Philoteris before they had finished their work.

119
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• Withdraw in the sense of breach of contract
  is found in numerous formal documents.
• Between the lines of Acts 2030 we may find the
  suggestion that the disciples were under contract
  to serve the Lord and that false teachers will
  urge them to break the contract.

120
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• No new definition is attached to the word, but
  the word undergoes rejuvenation and suggests to
  the expositor an appropriate contemporary legal
  illustration.

121
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• Primary function of Moulton Milligan, The
  Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, illustrated
  from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources,
  is to recreate the world in which the NT
  vocabulary was employed is not a comprehensive
  lexicon but a selective list of words that shed
  fresh light on the NT.

122
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• MM attempts to make the world of the NT come
  alivethe world of shopkeepers, of lonely widows,
  of traveling salespeople, of the lovelorn, of
  bankers, of merchants, of politicians.

123
Use of Lexicons

• Local Color (understanding the environment of
  words)
• And because it is the same workaday world as that
  of our own century, with names and places
  changed, MM is a volume that more effectively
  than many others can bridge the chasm between
  pulpit and pew.

124
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• Words are like people to know them well one must
  meet them on their own level, in their own
  environment in different circumstances they
  react differently like a face they take on
  varying expressions.
• Some of them move from place to place some never
  return to their earlier surroundings.

125
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• But to know their past is to know a little better
  what makes them act as they do in the present.
• BAGD is not intended to be a historical survey of
  NT Greek.
• MM deals only with the papyri, and to some extent
  with inscriptions.

126
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• To see the family portrait one can go to the
  Liddell-Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (LSJM), a
  lexicon of classical Gk literature.

127
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• Common word amartano (sin) provides an example.
• In the Iliad 5.287 is used of a spear missing its
  mark in general it is used of failure to achieve
  ones purpose.
• The concept of actual wrongdoing and
  indiscretions committed against the gods appears
  in the Iliad 9.501.

128
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• In Biblical documents the implications of sin
  are more clearly defined, but the original idea
  of failure to achieve ones purpose sharpens the
  contrast between moral expectations and actual
  achievements.

129
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• Amartano by itself does not mean all these
  things, and there is nothing specifically
  theological about the term.
• But when a given context indicates awareness of
  divine interests, the student searches for
  resources in the receptor language that will
  express the meaning in a specific passage.

130
Use of Lexicons

• Pedigree (word families)
• That the word parrasia (boldness) is composed of
  two words, pas and rasis and literally means
  saying everything might not be recognized
  without the help of LSJM (the components are
  entered in parentheses).
• The references to Athenian love of free speech
  help accent the type of fearlessness displayed by
  the apostles in Acts 4.

131
Use of Lexicons

• A Notable Asterisk
• The more comprehensive a lexicon becomes, the
  more complete is its listing of words.
• Koehler-Baumgartner signals the occurrences of
  certain words and forms with numbers in
  parentheses.
• BAGD simply places a single asterisk at the end
  of articles in which all occurrences in the NT
  and apostolic fathers has been noted and a double
  asterisk when only the NT passages are listed in
  full.

132
Use of Lexicons

• A Notable Asterisk
• So the student is spared the need for checking in
  an additional tool, in this case a concordance.
• For e.g., one can see at a glance that mathetria
  occurs only once in the NT (Acts 96).
• No other woman in the NT is described by this
  term.

133
Use of Lexicons

• Reference and Resource Material
• One of the most valuable incidental features of
  BAGD is the bibliographical data found at the end
  of many of the articles.
• If you were writing a paper, would find a
  bibliography of journal articles, books, chapters
  in books, etc.

134
Use of Lexicons

• Practical Note
• Special signs and abbreviations are necessary
  (for saving space) to a lexicons system of
  communication.
• Some time spent pondering the introductory pages
  will save the user time and frustration.
• Same advice holds for use of other reference
  tools as well.

135
Use of Lexicons

• A study of material referred to in a concordance
  precedes the consultation of a lexicon.
• After tracing the sources mentioned in a
  concordance and studying the usage of the word in
  light of the context, a lexicon can be consulted
  to either validate or correct the work you have
  done.

136
Use of Lexicons

• Because lexicons synthesize material, you may
  uncover something passed over by the editors due
  to the fact that they were dealing with broader
  issues then the one you have been researching.
• A knowledge of the use of concordances and
  lexicons will prepare you for engaging in one of
  the most exciting of biblical pursuitsword
  studies.

137
Word Studies OT

• With so many linguistic helps available, why
  should anyone spend time learning to do Greek and
  Hebrew word studies?
• Why cant we just read up on this word in
  Kittel? Because Kittel (TDNT) does not
  discuss this word.
• Im interested in people and they dont care
  about Greek Hebrew words.
• Thats where you come in. Its your
  responsibility to make the Bible come alive, and
  word studies are one way of doing this.

138
Word Studies OT

• Hebrew Word Studies
• Etymologytracing historically the origin and
  development of a word.
• Usageanalyzing the occurrences of the word in a
  given body of literature (e.g., the OT) and
  seeking to lay bare the categories of meaning.
• Verificationchecking findings against reference
  materials produced by specialists in the field.
  (Verification is important even with the finest
  of resourcese.g., almah.

139
Word Studies OT

• Hebrew Word Studies
• In a Hebrew word study, is important to
• Focus on the root form of the word.
• Then to consider the usage in the Semitic family
  of languages of which Hebrew is a part.
• Broadly speaking, the Semitic family tree may be
  dived into East Semitic, South Semitic and North
  Semitic.

140
East Semitic
South Semitic
North Semitic
141
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• The etymology of a given word not only considers
  the derivation and history of that word but also
  its meaning in the cognate Semitic languages.
• To properly trace the historic development of a
  given Hebrew term, you should have access to the
  Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old
  Testament, edited by F. Brown, S. R. Driver and
  C. A. Briggs, and

142
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• The Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros, by L.
  H. Koehler and W. Baumgartner.
• and, if possible, its revision, the Hebrew and
  Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.

143
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• Three other works are important
• Konkordanz zum hebraischen Alten Testament, by G.
  Lisowsky
• Veteris testamenti concordantiae Habraicae atque
  Chaldaicae, by S. Mandelkern
• Concordance to the Septuagint, by E. Hatch and H.
  A. Redpath

144
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• In a study of the word dabar (BDB, p. 180), you
  will see that the editors have gone to
  considerable lengths to provide the equivalent
  meaning of a given Hebrew word in related semitic
  languages.
• Building on what they have supplied, you can
  write down their dictionary definition of the
  word.

145
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• This should then be compared with the
  definition(s) given in Koehler and Baumgartners
  Lexicon.
• Differences of meaning should be noted and
  reflection given as to the possible reasons for
  these changes.
• In tracing the possible common origin of a word,
  the lowest common denominator (or common idea
  behind the historic development and meaning) of
  the word should be sought.

146
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• Caution needs to be exercised to prevent the
  inexperienced researcher from too readily
  adopting opinions based upon inadequate data.

147
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• With dabar as an illustration, we find at the
  beginning of the discussion there is a listing of
  the meanings of this word in Arabic (Ar.),
  Aramaic (Aram.), and Alexandrine manuscript of
  the Septuagint (A), Assyrian (As.), and Syriac
  (Syr.), et cetera.

148
BDB p. 180
149
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• Because Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) has been
  discovered in more recent times, the important
  contribution of Ugaritic studies to the OT
  literature will not be found in BDB and will have
  to be obtained from others sources (e.g., Cyrus
  Gordons Ugaritic Textbook.

150
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• With some idea of the meaning, it will now be of
  value to
• Take note of the derived terms which may
  illustrate the basic idea.
• The occasions when the word is used.
• The people involved.
• The synonyms, antonyms or homonyms employed in
  different forms of Hebrew parallelism.
• The situations giving rise to its usage.

151
Word Studies OT

• Etymology
• Then, having examined as thoroughly as possible
  the dictionary definition of the word and its
  meaning in cognate Semitic l