China in Tatters

1
China in Tatters the Rise of Chinese Nationalism
2
Chinese concessions at the end of the 19th Century

• Huge indemnity to Japan (1895)
• British, French Russian bank loans to finance
  that indemnity
  
• Trans-Siberian railway across Manchuria to
  Vladivostok (Chinese Eastern Railway)
  
• 1898, Russian 25-year lease over the Liaodong
  peninsula (Port Arthur)
  
• A naval base open to Russian fleet
• Constructing a railway connection Chinese Eastern

3
Chinese concessions at the end of the 19th Century

• 1897, German occupation of the harbor of Qingdao
• 1898, French army occupied the harbor of
  Guangzhou Bay
  
• 1898, Britain acquired the New Territories on a
  99-year lease
  
• 1898, Britain obtained Weihaiwei, in Shandong, as
  a naval base
  
• 1900, Boxer Rebellion Boxer Protocol
• Permanent stationing of foreign troops in Peking
• Indemnity and the Boxer Indemnity Fund

4
The Open Door Policy

• London enough is enough
• The current scramble for new Chinese concessions
  should stop
  
• Better America take the lead to stop it.
• September 1899, John Hay notified all relevant
  foreign powers to
  
• Chinas market should be open to all
• Respect the existing treaty-port system
• Respect sole Chinese authority, via the Maritime
  Customs, to collect trade duties
  
• Work together to help China adopt administrative
  reform
  

5
The Open Door Policy

• Reactions
• All relevant powers expressed acceptance in
  principle
  
• Most had reservations on items on equal treatment
  in own sphere of influence
  
• Britain agreed to the equal treatment principle
  but excluded Hong Kong adjacent territories
  
• Russian ignored port fees and railway transport
  cost
  
• Italy accepted it completely
• China, not notified, approached Washington for
  details

6
The Open Door Policy

• July, 1900, John Hay, 2nd notification to
  relevant powers
  
• Work for a resolution to bring permanent safety
  peace to China
  
• Protect foreign rights in China
• Maintain Chinas sovereignty
• Preserve for all equal and impartial trade
• Thus, the birth of the American Open Door policy
  towards China

7
Chinese Communist View of the Open Door Policy

• The Open Door policy was a natural result of
  American imperialist and expansionist foreign
  policy
  
• Dec. 1896, Washington suggested to American
  representative in China to assist American
  businesses in their economic activities in China
  
• 1898, U.S. acquired the right to build
  Canton-Hubei railway
  
• Nov. 1898, American Minister to China suggested
  to Washington to obtain a good Chinese harbor
  
• This policy allowed the U.S. access to spheres of
  influence of other powers so that it would not be
  excluded
  
• The policy did not stop dismemberment of China,
  still less save China.

8
Foreign Spheres of Influence in China
9
Sun Yat-sen Qings Collapse

• Sun Yat-sen, the Father of Chinese Republic
• Born in 1866, in Guangdong
• Education in Hawaii and Hong Kong
• Attracted to Hong Xiuquan
• Determined to reform later overthrow the Manchu
  state
  
• 1894, Revive China Society
• Established Three Peoples Principles
• Peoples nationalism
• peoples democracy
• Peoples livelihood

10
Sun Yatsen Qings Collapse

• A five-branch government
• Legislative
• Executive
• Judicial
• Examination
• Oversight
• Tax reform, regulation of big businesses
  private ownership
  
• 1905, Tong Meng Hui (United League)

11
Sun Yatsen Qings Collapse

• Oct. 10, 1911, Wuchang Uprising
• Sun in Denver, fund-raising
• January 1, 1912, sworn in as President of the
  Republic of China
  
• End of the 2000-year dynastic order

12
Yuan Shikai

• A general of the Manchu Dynasty
• Controlled Beiyang army
• An instrumental figure in suppressing the
  hundred-day reform of 1898
  
• Head of Cabinet when Qing collapsed
• March, 1912, President
• Assassination of Song Jiao-ren, a Tong Meng Hui
  member
  
• Elected president by coercing the legislature
• Outlawed Guomindang, dismissed its
  representatives from Congress
  
• 1914, dissolved Congress provincial assemblies

13
Yuan Shikai

• 1916, restoration of monarchy
• Independence of 8 southern western provinces
• June 1916, died in disgrace

14
The May Fourth Movement

• Triggers
• China was treated at the Versailles peace
  conference in 1918 as a defeated country
  
• Germany rights in Shandong were handed over to
  Japan
  
• What
• Protest, 3,000 Beijing college students,
  Tiananmen Square
  
• Strikes (Beijing, Shanghai, etc.,)
• Demands
• Punish pro-Japanese officials
• Reject demands against Chinese sovereignty

15
The May Fourth Movement

• Results
• Firing of 3 pro-Japanese officials
• Resignation of the cabinet
• Rejection of the Versailles Peace Treaty
• Significance
• 1st Nation-wide nationalistic protest movement
• 1st real victory launched by the students the
  educated elite
  
• 1st truly effective action of the Chinese modern
  nationalism
  

16
C

• S

17
A

• The

18
A

• W

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Map of East Asia