The skeletal system

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The skeletal system

• Skeletal organization part 2

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Bone markings Depressions and openings

• Fossa-hollow or depression
• Sinus-cavity or spongelike air spaces within a
  bone
• Foramen-hole
• Meatus-tube shaped opening

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Markings Projections and processes

• 1. Those that fit into joints
• A. Condyle-rounded projection entering
  into the formation of a joint
• B. Head-a rounded projection beyond a narrow
  neck
• C. Facet-a smooth flat surface where ribs
  articulate with vertebrae

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Projection continued

• 2. Those to which muscles attach
• A. Tubercle-small rounded process
• B. Tuberosity-large, rough, rounded process
• C. Trochanter-large, blunt process found
  only on the femur
• D. Crest-prominent border or ridge
• E. Epicondyle-prominence above a condyle

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Sutures

• Seams found between skull bones
• Is an immoveable joint
• Includes coronal (front) between frontal and
  parietal bones
• Sagittal found between parietal bones
• Lambdoidal found between parietal and occipital
  bones
• Squamosal found between parietal and temporal

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Curves of the spine
Sagittal suture

• You have the primary curve which develops before
  birth and includes the thoracic and sacral
• You also have the secondary curve which develops
  after birth and includes the cervical and the
  lumbar

Wormian bones
Lambdoidal suture
Squamous suture
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Divisions of skeletal system

• Axial skeleton-contains 80 bones including skull,
  hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones and
  includes pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
  girdle and lower limbs

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Axial Skeleton

• Skull includes 28 bones and divides into cranium
  (8 bones) that make contact with the brain, face
  (14 bones), and ear bones or ossicles (6 bones)
• Hyoid bone is a U shaped bone in upper throat
  area that allows tongue muscle attachment

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Spinal Column

• 26 bones total
• Divided into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar
  (5), sacral (5), and coccyx (4)

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Curves of the spine

• You have the primary curve which develops before
  birth and includes the thoracic and sacral
• You also have the secondary curve which develops
  after birth and includes the cervical and the
  lumbar

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Spinal cord problems-Lordosis-sway back
http//www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/cybertherapist/b
ack/lowback/lordosis.htm
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Kyphosis (dowagers hump)

• http//www.ivanchengmd.com/kyphosis.php

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Cervical vertebrae
Bifed spinous process
Transverse foramen
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Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Facets or demifacets for ribs

• 8 carpals (wrist bones)
• Metacarpals (palm)
• Phalanges (14 bones), each finger has 3 bones,
  each thumb has 2

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Appendicular Skeleton
Lumbar vertebrae
Spinous process
Superior articular process
lamina

• Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle attaches bones
  of upper extremity (arms) to the axial skeleton
• Includes 2 bones collar bone or clavicle and
  scapula or shoulder bone

Cervical vertebrae
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
pedicle
body
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Sacral vertebrae
Superior articular process
Sacral canal
Dorsal or posterior sacral foramen
Median sacral crest
Anterior or pelvic sacral foramen
coccyx
Sacral hiatus
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Sternum and ribs

• 25 bones total
• 12 pairs of ribs (7 true, 5 false, and 2 of the
  false are called floating ribs)
• Sternum (breastbone) has a manubrium, body, and
  xiphoid process
• The xiphoid process remains cartilage a long
  time, and is a landmark for CPR

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The Skull (cranium)

• Frontal bone -includes supraorbital foramen,
  frontal sinuses, and glabella, A metopic suture
  is sometimes seen in people if the 2 halves of
  the frontal bone dont fuse completely.
• Parietal bones- fused at midline by sagittal
  sutures and connect with frontal bone at coronal
  sutures

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Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Inferior nasal conchae
maxilla
Infraorbital foramen
mandible
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Palatine process of maxillae
Zygomatic arch
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Jugular foramen
Styloid process
Occipital condyles
Carotid canal
Foramen magnum
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Cranium continued

• Occipital bone-joins parietal bones at lambdoid
  suture. Also contains the external occipital
  protuberance, foramen magnum, and occipital
  condyles
• Temporal bones-joins parietal bones at squamous
  suture. Also has external acoustic (auditory)
  meatus, mandibular fossa, mastoid processes,
  styloid processes, carotic canal, jugular
  foramen, and zygomatic process helps form
  zygomatic arch.

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Cranium one more time

• Sphenoid bone-looks like a butterfly. Has a
  sella turcica that houses the pituitary gland and
  also has sphenoid sinuses.
• Ethmoid bone-has ethmoidal sinuses, cribriform
  plate containing olfactory foramina a crista
  galli, a perpendicular plate that forms part of
  the nasal septum, and superior and middle nasal
  concha

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Facial skeleton

• Maxillary bones-upper jaw, hard palate is the
  palatine process, maxillary sinuses, alveolar
  processes form an alveolar arch that contains the
  teeth (alveoli)
• Palatine bones-form the back of the hard palate
• Zygomatic bones-cheeks, temporal process helps
  form zygomatic arch

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Facial bones again

• Lacrimal bones smallest bones in face, contain
  lacrimal fossa
• Nasal bones-bridge of the nose
• Vomer bone -plowshare, found at base of nose,
  joins perpendicular plate to form nasal septum
• Inferior nasal conchae- largest of the conchae

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Facial bones

• Mandible-only moveable bone of face
• Mandibular condyle attaches to mandibular fossa
• Coronoid processes-provide attachment for the
  muscles of chewing
• Also have an alveolar border containing alveoli
  for teeth
• Also have mandibular foramen and mental foramen

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Fetal skull

• Membranous areas called fontanels or soft spots
  help baby to pass through birth canal.
• These include anterior, posterior,
  posterolateral and anterolateral

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle attaches bones
  of upper extremity (arms) to the axial skeleton
• Includes 2 bones collar bone or clavicle and
  scapula or shoulder bone

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Clavicle

• Double curvature
• Medial end is sternal extremity
• Lateral end is flat and is acromial extremity

clavicle
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Scapula

• Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus
• Parts include spine, body, acromion process,
  medial border, lateral border, inferior angle,
  superior angle, scapular notch, coracoid process,
  supraspinous and infraspinous fossa, and
  subscapular fossa

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humerus

• Longest bone of arm
• Proximal end has head, neck, greater and lesser
  tubercle, intertubercular groove, surgical neck
  (fractures easily), body, deltoid tuberosity
  (attachment for deltoid muscle)

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Distal end of humerus

• Radial fossa-receives head of radius when arm is
  flexed
• Trochlea-articulates with the ulna
• Coronoid fossa- depression receives part of ulna
  when forearm is flexed (coronoid process)
• Olecranon fossa -depression that receives the
  olecranon process of the ulna when forearm is
  extended
• Medial and lateral epicondyle

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ulna

• Proximal end has an olecranon process that is the
  prominence of your elbow
• Also a coronoid process connects to the coronoid
  fossa
• The trochlear notch receives the trochlea of the
  humerus
• The radial notch receives the head of the radius

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Distal end of ulna

• Head
• Styloid process

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Radius

• Colles fracture occurs at distal end of this bone
• Proximal end has a head and a radial tuberosity
  (point of attachment for the biceps muscle)
• Distal end has a styloid process and the ulnar
  notch (articulation with the distal end of the
  ulna)

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Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

• 8 carpals (wrist bones)
• Metacarpals (palm)
• Phalanges (14 bones), each finger has 3 bones,
  each thumb has 2

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Pelvic girdle
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Pelvic girdle

• Os coxae contains 3 bones ilium, ischium, pubis
• Pelvimetry is measurement of the size of the
  pelvis
• Ilium is the largest of the 3

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Ilium

• Iliac crest is landmark (put hands on hips to
  feel this)
• Anterior iliac spine and posterior iliac spine
  are important muscle attachment sites
• Greater sciatic notch (blood vessels and nerves
  pass through
• Sacroiliac joint is where ilium articulates with
  sacrum

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ischium

• Contains ischial spine (used to determine pelvic
  size)
• Also lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity,
  and obturator foramen (largest foramen in the
  skeleton)

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Pubis

• Contains superior ramus, inferior ramus, body,
  symphysis pubis (joint between coxal bones,
  loosens during pregnancy due to action of
  pregnancy hormones)
• Acetabulum is formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis
  and articulates with the head of the femur

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Difference between male and female pelvis
Males have narrow pubic arch, females have wide
pubic arch, males hips are narrow, females are
wider
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Lower limbs
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Femur

• Thighbone
• Longest bone in the body
• Proximal landmarks are head, fovea capitis, neck
  (surgical neck is where breaks occur), greater
  and lesser trochanters, and linea aspera

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Distal end of femur

• Contains lateral and medial condyles, lateral and
  medial epicondyles, and intercondyler fossa
• Patella (knee bone) articulates with the distal
  end of the femur

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Tibia

• Shin bone
• Proximal end has medial and lateral condyles and
  an intercondylar eminence between them, also a
  tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament attaches
  here)

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Distal end of tibia and the Fibula

• Inner ankle bone is medial malleolus
• Fibula doesnt bear any weight
• Fibula has a head on the proximal end and a
  lateral malleolus on the distal end
• The lateral malleolus is your outer ankle bone

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Bones of the foot

• Seven tarsals-see picture
• Calcaneous is heel bone, talus is ankle bone
• Instep has 5 metatarsals
• Phalanges are toes, you have 14 of these