Eating

1
Eating Weight Control
2
Digestive System
A modified tube with specialized structures
3
Digestive System

• Teeth mechanical breakdown of food.
• Salivary Glands moistens food, starch breakdown
• Pharynx/Esophagus food passes involuntarily by
  peristalsis, rhythmic contractions of circular
  muscles.
• Stomach- Lining coated with mucus. Gastric
  secretions are hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric
  acid important to activate pepsinogen and kill
  bacteria that entered with the food. Pepsin
  begins process of protein digestion. Very little
  absorption of nutrients.

4
Digestive System

• Pancreatic Juices secretions reduce acidity as
  contents leave stomach. Digestion of fats
  carbohydrates.
• Liver (produces) Gall Bladder (stores) bile
  salts which digest fats.
• Small Intestine 90 of water is absorbed.
  Vitamins, nutrients and minerals are absorbed.
• Large Intestines Sluggish irregular
  peristalsis. Some water absorption
• Feces inorganic matter, fiber, nutrients,
  water. It is about 50 bacteria by weight.
• Anus circular muscle. Point of elimination from
  the body.

5
Stomach
6
Brain Structures and Hormones
Hypothalamus centers associated with
eating. Lateral Hypothalamus associated with
eating cessation Ventromedial Hypothalamus assoc
iated with substantial weight gain
7
Ventromedial Hypothalamus

• Ventromedial hypothalamic lesion in a rat

8
Fat Cells
9
BMI Calculation

• BMI Weight in kilograms / (Height in
  meters)²
• BMI Weight in pounds x 704.5  / (Height in
  inches) ²

2.2 pounds per kilogram .31 x inches meters
10
WHO CDC Classification of Overweight
11
WHO CDC Classification of Obesity
12
NIH Classification of Obesity
13
Costs of Obesity
14
Prevalence ( of population) of Obesity 
No Data
 10-15
15
15
Obesity Prevalence
16
Obesity in Other Countries
17
17th Century

• Rubens Three Graces
• Attractiveness was correlated to fertility -
  leading to wide hips and a full bust and bottom
  being idolized

18
BMI Health Outcomes
19
BMI Health Consequences
20
1960s

• Twiggy
• Notions of beauty in society are fickle. Thinness
  has always been associated with poverty, low
  social status and infertility throughout history.
  It is only in the times we live in now that it is
  in vogue.

21
Life-size Barbie

• has to crawl to support her top-heavy frame.
  has room for a radius OR an ulna in her arms.
• only has room for a tibia OR a fibula in her
  legs. Only has room for an esophagus OR a
  trachea in her neck she could either eat OR
  breathe.
• Wear a size 3 children's shoe
• Has a distorted face (like the pictures of
  aliens), due to the almost triple average size of
  her head.

22
Ancel KeysExperimental Starvation

• University of Minnesota biologist Ancel Keys in
  the 1930s. Credited with discovery of
  cholesterol-CVD link (1953). Also, developed
  K-rations for the military

23
Experimental Starvation Study

• Studied 36 volunteer conscientious objectors
  during WWII.
• 1st 3 months ate normal diet participated in
  physical psychological tests.
• Next 6 months caloric intake cut in half.
• Goal was to lose 25 of normal body weight.

Jan. 13, 1961
24
Experimental Starvation

• Most met the goal lost 25 of weight.
• Initial weight loss was rapid, but tapered off.
• Cheerfulness was replaced with irritability,
  aggressiveness, and fighting.
• Apathetic, avoided physical activity, physical
  appearance declined.

Ancel Keys, age 98 with wife, Margaret 2002
25
Experimental Starvation

• Hunger and food obsessions were common.
• Ate slowly and were sensitive to food taste.
• Temptation to cheat on diet.
• Refeeding was accelerated with some eating 5
  large meals/day.
• All regained weight, some were heavier, some
  remained preoccupied with food, and many remained
  cranky.

Lon Chaney was Ancel Keys uncle!
26
Experimental Overeating

• De Niro prepared to play the young La Motta by
  dieting and working out. Then, during a
  four-month break in filming, he ate his way from
  160 to 215 pounds, loading up at some of the best
  restaurants in France. "I began to realize what a
  fat man goes through," said De Niro. "You get
  rashes on your legs. Your legs scrape together.

1980
27
Allen Sims Vermont State Prison Study 1974, 1976

• Initial weight gain with the doubling of diet and
  restriction of activities
• Then, a slow down in weight gain requiring about
  7000 calories/day to continue gaining weight
  (some never met weight gain goal).
• Food became repulsive
• After study.. Most returned quickly to normal
  weight

28
Bariatric Surgery
29
Gastric Bypass Surgery
30
Gastric Bypass Surgery
31
Bypass surgery outcomes
32
Outcomes

• Most patients achieve their maximum weight loss
  within two years and may then drift upward by 5 -
  10 , remaining at about 100 lb below their
  original weight.
• Failures of the procedure, i.e., regain of the
  weight, are usually due to two causes failure of
  the staple line or snacking such products as
  crackers, sweets, peanut butter, or soft drinks.

33
Carnie Wilson

• Surgery in 1999
• Weighed close to 300 pounds
• Height 5 3
• Lost over 150 pounds since operation

34
(No Transcript)
35
Xenical vs. Placebo
Xenical prevents fat absorption
36
Xenical
37
Didrex

• Thought to suppress appetite via a central
  mechanism (appetite centers in the brain)
  although this has mechanism has not been clearly
  proven.
• A short-term drug that helps you to start losing
  weight. Your body starts to build up a
  resistance to the effects of DIDREX after a few
  weeks of treatment.

38
Bontril

• displays stimulant properties similar to
  amphetamine

39
Liposuction
40
Liposuction
41
Calories USDAGoals

• Men (2400-2900/day)
• Women (1800-2100/day)

42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
Anorexia
45
Anorexia
46
(No Transcript)
47
Anorexia Nervosa
Fear of gaining weight Intentional
starvation Distortions of body image Perceives
self as overweight even though quite thin
48
Anorexia Nervosa

• DSM-IV Criteria
• Weight less than 85 of normal, according to
  insurance tables
• or
• Body Mass Index

49
Anorexia Nervosa Theories
Denial of Femininity/Fear of Motherhood Attempt
at Unity with Mother Learned Behavior
50
The Effects of
Anorexia
51
Anorexia Typical Characteristics

• Young (adolescent)
• White
• Compliant
• High Achievers
• Perfectionistic
• Obsessed with Food
• Strenuous Exercise Regimen
• Hostility toward Mother

52
Bulimia
53
Bulimia

• Bulimia is an illness characterized by
  uncontrolled episodes of overeating usually
  followed by self-induced vomiting or other
  purging (contrast with anorexia).

54
(No Transcript)
55
Bulimia DSM-IV

• A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating
  characterized by both of the following
• (1) Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g.,
  within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that
  is definitely larger than most people would eat
  during a similar period of time and under similar
  circumstances
• (2) a sense of lack of control over eating during
  the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop
  eating or control what or how much one is eating)
  

56
Bulimia

• B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior
  in order to prevent weight gain, such as
  self-induced vomiting misuse of laxatives,
  diuretics, enemas, or other medications fasting
  or excessive exercise. C. The binge eating and
  inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur,
  on average, at least twice a week for 3 months.
  D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body
  shape and weight. E. The disturbance does not
  occur exclusively during episodes of Anorexia
  Nervosa.

57
Weight Loss Health Claims

• The Federal Trade Commission has given final
  approval to a consent agreement with marketers of
  "Jogging in a Jug," a beverage made of apple
  juice, grape juice and vinegar, settling charges
  that they made numerous false health claims for
  the drink. The respondents are based in Muscle
  Shoals, Alabama.

58
The final order prohibits the respondents from
claiming, among other things, that Jogging in a
Jug or any substantially similar product

• cures or alleviates heart disease, arthritis,
  lethargy, dysentery, constipation, swelling of
  the legs, or muscle spasms
• substantially lowers serum cholesterol and
  triglycerides
• improves the condition of the circulatory system
  
• cleans internal organs
• prevents or reduces the risk of cancer, leukemia,
  heart disease, or arthritis
• provides the same health benefits as a jogging
  regimen
• stabilizes blood sugar levels in
  insulin-dependent diabetics
• aids in recovery from viral diseases or
• is approved by the U.S. Department of
  Agriculture.

59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)