1998 Cessna 172 S

1
1998 Cessna 172 S
Study Guide

• For Training Use Only
• Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and
  dimensions from the Pilot Operating Handbook for
  your actual Training airplane.

2
This presentation is based on the POH for the
1998 Cessna 172 S, and covers the following
sections of that manual.

• Section 1 General

Section 2 Limitations
Section 3 Emergency
Procedures
Section 4 Normal
Procedures
3
Remember to verify all information with your
actual POH
4
Section 1

• Descriptive Data

5
Aircraft Dimensions
6
Aircraft Dimensions
Length 27 2
Height 8 11
Wingspan 36 1
Wing Area of 174 square feet
7
Engine
8
Engine

• Manufactured by Textron Lycoming

Model O-360-L2A
This is a Normally Aspirated, Direct Drive,
Air-Cooled, Horizontally-Opposed , Fuel Injected,
Four Cylinder Engine with 360 cubic inches
displacement.
180 BHP _at_ 2700 RPM
9
Propeller
10
Propeller

• Manufactured by McCauley

Model 1A170E/JHA7660
Two Bladed, Fixed Pitch, Aluminum.
Diameter is 76
11
Fuel
12
Fuel
Approved Fuel Grades
100LL Grade Aviation Fuel (BLUE)
100 Grade Aviation Fuel (GREEN)

• This is a 152, you will have 13 drains to check

13
Fuel

• 2 integral tanks one in each wing hold the fuel
• The Un-usable fuel includes fuel in the feed
  lines within the wing struts, Fuel Reservoir, and
  associated plumbing
• The System is Gravity Feed, and uses an Electric
  Auxiliary Fuel Pump for priming the Fuel
  Injection system
• There are 13 Fuel Drains
• 5 below each wing tank
• 3 below the nose
• These drains should be tested for water and
  contamination prior to flight

14
Fuel

• This aircraft is equipped with a Fuel Selector
  Valve that allows Fuel to flow from Left, Right,
  or Both Fuel tanks. BOTH is the Normal
  selection.
• A FUEL SHUT-OFF is also installed in this
  aircraft for use in Emergency Procedures, or for
  prolonged Storage.

15
Fuel

• Total Capacity 56 gallons
• Total Useable 53 gallons
• Total Each Tank 28 gallons
• Total Useable 26.5 gallons
• Non-Useable 3 gallons

16
OIL

• Grade appropriate to temperature ranges
• Often this is 15w50 or 20w50
• Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in
  your aircraft.

17
Electrical System

• System is 28 Volt DC
• Powered by a belt driven 60 amp alternator
• Supplying a 24 Volt Battery
• Battery is located forward of Firewall, Left Side
• Current is supplied Through Split Primary Bus
  Bars 1 and 2
• Essential Bus is wired between the 2 primaries to
  energize Master,
• ..Annunciator, and Interior Lighting
• Each Primary is connected to an Avionics Bus by
  the Avionics Master
• Continued.

18
Electrical SystemContinued

• Master Switch is a Split Rocker type switch
  labeled MASTER
• On is in the up Position, Off is in the Down
  Position
• The Right Half is labeled BAT and connects
  Battery Power to Buses
• The Left Half is labeled ALT, connects the
  Alternator
• Normally, BAT and ALT are used simultaneously
• BAT can be turned on to check electrical
  equipment on the ground
• When the ALT switch is OFF the entire system runs
  on battery

19
Electrical SystemContinued

• LOW VOLTAGE Annunciator, Will Illuminate when
  Voltage falls below 24.5 Volts
• OVERVOLTAGE Alternator Control Unit
  automatically opens the ALT FLD circuit breaker,
  Shutting Off the Alternator
• Under these conditions, with normal power use, a
  low voltage condition will occur eventually, and
  the Low Volt annunciator will illuminate
• The Alternator Control unit may be then reset by
  resetting the ALT FLD circuit breaker
• If this occurs a second time, terminate the flight

20
Maximum Certificated Weights

• Ramp Weight Normal Category 2558
• Ramp Weight Utility Category 2208
• Takeoff Weight Normal Category 2250
• Takeoff Weight Utility Category 2200
• Landing Weight Normal Category 2550
• Landing Weight Utility Category 2200

21
Baggage Compartment Weights

• Normal Category
• Area 1 120 lbs
• Area 2 50 lbs
• Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs

22
Baggage Compartment Weights

• Utility Category
• In this Category the Rear Seat must be
  un-occupied, and the baggage compartment must be
  empty.

23
Standard Airplane Weights

• Standard Empty Weight 1663
• Normal Category Useful load 895
• Utility Category Useful Load 545

24
Specific Loadings

• Wing Loading 14.7 lbs./sq. ft.
• Power Loading 14.2 lbs./sq. ft.

25
Baggage Compartment Weights Relate to Category

• Utility Category
• All Baggage areas must be empty

• Normal Category
• Area 1 120 lbs
• Area 2 50 lbs
• Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs

26
Section 2

• Limitations

27
Airspeed Limitations
28
Airspeed Limitations

• VNE Red Line

Never Exceed
163
Do not exceed this speed.
29
Airspeed Limitations

• VNO Upper Limit of Green Arc

Maximum Structural Cruise
129
Exceed only in smooth air.
30
Airspeed Limitations

• VA

Maneuvering Speed
Based on weight. The less weight, the slower the
speed.
105 _at_ 2550 lbs
98 _at_ 2200 lbs
90 _at_ 1900 lbs
31
Airspeed Limitations

• Flap Extension

32
Airspeed Limitations

• VFE

Flap Extension Speeds
Do not exceed with Flaps Down
10 degrees 110
20 degrees 85
30 degrees 85
33
Airspeed Limitations

• Max window open speed

163
Do not exceed with window open
34
Airspeed Indicator Markings

• White Arc 40 - 85

Flap Operating Range
Lower limit is max weight Vso Stall Speed Flaps
Landing Configuration
Upper limit is Vno max speed flaps extended
35
Airspeed Indicator Markings

• Green Arc 48 - 129

Normal Operating Range
Lower limit is max weight Vs Stall Speed No
Flaps
Upper limit is max structural Cruise, or Vno
36
Airspeed Indicator Markings

• Yellow Arc 129 - 163

Caution Range
Operation with caution only in smooth air.
37
Airspeed Indicator Markings

• Red Line 163

Maximum Speed for all operations
Fly Faster than this speed, and you are a Test
Pilot !
38
Power Plant Limitations

• Maximum Power

180 BHP
39
Power Plant Limitations

• Engine Operating Limits for Takeoff and
  Continuous Operations

Maximum Engine Speed
2700 RPM
Red Line
40
Power Plant Limitations

• Static RPM Range at Full Throttle

Static RPM range 2300-2400
41
Power Plant Limitations

• Maximum Oil Temperature

245 degrees (f) or 118 (c)
42
Power Plant Limitations

• Oil Pressure

20 PSI Minimum
115 PSI Maximum
43
Power Plant Limitations

• Oil Grade

Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil or,
Ashless Dispersant Oil
44
Power Plant Limitations

• Engine Oil
• 15w50 or 20w50
• Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in
  your aircraft.

45
Power Plant Instrument Markings

• Tachometer

Red Line
2700 RPM
46
Power Plant Instrument Markings

• Oil Temperature

Green Arc 100-245
Red line 245
47
Power Plant Instrument Markings

• Oil Pressure

Red Line Minimum 20 PSI
Green Arc 50 90 PSI
Red Line Maximum 115 PSI
48
Power Plant Instrument Markings

• Fuel Quantity

Red Line 0
1.5 Gallons Unusable Each Tank
49
Power Plant Instrument Markings

• Fuel Flow

0 to 12 GPH
50
Power Plant Instrument Markings

• Vacuum Gage

4.5 to 5.5 PSI
51
Normal and Utility Categories

• Review of Category of Aircraft

52
Normal and Utility Categories

• FAR Part 23 Normal Category

(a)The normal category is limited to airplanes
that have a seating configuration, excluding
pilot seats, of nine or less, a maximum
certificated takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or
less, and intended for non-acrobatic operation.
Non-acrobatic operation includes
53
Normal and Utility Categories

• FAR Part 23 Normal Category

(1) Any maneuver incident to normal flying
(2) Stalls (except whip stalls) and
(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in
which the angle of bank is not more than 60
degrees.
54
Normal and Utility Categories

• FAR Part 23 Utility Category

Airplanes certificated in the utility category
may be used in any of the operations covered
under paragraph (a) of this section and in
limited acrobatic operations. Limited acrobatic
operation includes
55
CG Limits and Categories

• FAR Part 23 Utility Category

(1) Spins (if approved for the particular type of
airplane)
(2) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, or
similar maneuvers, in which the angle of bank is
more than 60 degrees but not more than 90 degrees.
(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in
which the angle of bank is not more than 60
degrees.
56
Normal Category Weight Limits

• Ramp Weight 2558
• Takeoff Weight 2550
• Landing Weight 2550
• Baggage Area 1 120
• Baggage Area 2 50
• Combined Baggage 120

57
Normal Category CG Limits

• Forward Limit
• 35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less
• To 41 inches aft of datum at 2550 lbs.

Aft Limit 47.3 inches aft of datum at all
weights.
58
Utility Category Weight Limits

• Ramp Weight 2208
• Takeoff 2200
• Landing 2200
• Baggage Area 1 and 2 Empty
• Rear Seat Empty

59
Utility Category CG Limits

• Forward Limit
• 35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less
• To 37.5 inches aft of datum at 2200 lbs.

Aft Limit 40.5 inches aft of datum at all
weights.
60
Maneuver LimitsNormal Category

• Any maneuver incidental to normal flying
• Stalls Slow Deceleration
• Steep Turns 95 knots
• Chandelles 105 knots
• Lazy Eights 105 knots
• Spins are not mentioned in the POH under Normal
  Category limits, and are considered prohibited in
  this category.

61
Maneuver LimitsUtility Category

• Any maneuver incidental to normal flying
• Stalls Slow Deceleration
• Steep Turns 95 knots
• Chandelles 105 knots
• Lazy Eights 105 knots
• Spins Slow Deceleration

62
Flight Load Factor LimitsNormal Category
Max takeoff weight of 2550 lbs.
Flaps Up 3.8g, -1.52g
Flaps Down 3.0g
The design load factors are 150 of the above,
and in all cases the structure meets or exceeds
the design loads.
63
Flight Load Factor LimitsUtility Category
Max takeoff weight of 2200 lbs.
Flaps Up 4.0, -1.76g
Flaps Down 3.0g
The design load factors are 150 of the above,
and in all cases the structure meets or exceeds
the design loads.
64
Kinds of Operation Limits
This airplane is equipped for Day VFR and may be
equipped for night VFR and IFR Operations.
Flight into known icing conditions is prohibited.
65
Fuel Limitations
2 Standard Tanks 28 gallons each
Total Fuel 56 gallons
Un-Useable Fuel 3 gallons
66
Fuel Limitations
Limitations are show ONLY for Standard Tanks
Check the POH for your aircraft to learn what
tanks are installed.
67
Fuel limitations

• To maximize fuel loading, place the fuel selector
  to Left or Right.
• This prevents Cross-Feed during fueling
• There are safety consideration with operating on
  just one tank.

68
Fuel Limitations
Always Takeoff and Land with the Fuel Selector in
the BOTH Position.
69
Fuel Limitations
If operating only on one tank, Slips and Skid
maneuvers are limited to 30 Seconds
70
Fuel Limitations
With ¼ Tank or Less, prolonged un-coordinated
flight is prohibited when operating on either the
Left or Right tank
71
Fuel Limitations
Fuel remaining when the quantity indicator shows
empty is not useable!
72
Other Limitations
Flap Limitations
Takeoff Range 0 to 10 degrees
Landing Range 0 to 30 degrees
73
Section 3

• Emergency Procedures

74
Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Engine Failure After Takeoff
Flaps Up 70
Flaps Down 65
75
Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Maximum Glide Speed 68
76
Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Precautionary Landing with Engine Power
65
77
Airspeeds for Emergency Operation
Precautionary Landing Without Engine Power
Flaps Up 70
Flaps Down 65
78
Emergency ProceduresChecklists
79
Engine Failure During Takeoff

• Throttle Idle
• Brakes Apply
• Flaps Retract
• Mixture Idle Cut-off
• Ignition Off
• Master Off

80
Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff

• Airspeed 70 flaps up 65 flaps down
• Mixture Idle Cut-off
• Fuel Shutoff Off PULL OUT
• Ignition Off
• Flaps As Required
• Master Off
• Doors Open
• Land Straight Ahead Best Site

81
Engine Failure During FlightRestart Procedure

• Airspeed 68
• Fuel Shutoff ON PUSH ON
• Fuel Selector Both
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump On
• Mixture Rich if Restart has not occurred
• If Prop is windmilling, the engine will restart
  within a few seconds.
• If Prop has stopped turning, Turn Ignition to
  START
• Advance Throttle Slowly from Idle, the adjust
  mixture for smoothness
• If The FUEL FLOW drops to Zero, Turn on Auxiliary
  Fuel Pump

82
Precautionary Landing Without Engine Power

• Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position
• Seats and Seat Belts Secure
• Airspeed 70 Flaps Up 65 Flaps Down
• Mixture Idle Cut Off
• Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF PULL OUT
• Ignition Off
• Flaps As Required 30 deg. advised
• Master Off
• Doors Open
• Touchdown Slightly Tail Low
• Brakes Apply Heavily

83
Precautionary Landing With Engine Power

• Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position
• Seats and Seat Belts Secure
• Airspeed 65
• Flaps 20 degrees
• Selected Field Fly over to evaluate, Climb to
  appropriate patter altitude and retract Flaps at
  safe airspeed
• Avionics Master Off
• Flaps 30 degrees on Final
• Airspeed 65
• Master Off
• Doors Open
• Touchdown Slightly Tail Low
• Ignition Off
• Brakes Apply Heavily

84
Ditching

• Review POH for this Procedure
• Minimize Descent to 300 FPM at 55 kts
• Prepare to protect Face with available items
• Open Doors
• Activate ELT
• Touchdown parallel to swells, Level Attitude
• Evacuate Airplane
• Use Floatation Devices OUT OF AIRPLANE

85
FIRE During Engine StartEngine has started

• Ignition Start, continue cranking for a start
• Set Power to 1800 RPM
• Follow Shutdown Procedures
• Evacuate and Inspect for Damage

86
Engine Fire During StartEngine has not started

• Throttle Full Open
• Mixture Idle Cut-off
• Cranking Continue
• Fuel Shut-Off OFF PULL OUT
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off
• Fire Extinguisher Activate
• Engine Secure
• Master Off
• Ignition Off
• Brake Set
• Passengers and Crew Evacuate
• Fire Extinguish as Required
• Inspect for Damage

87
Engine Failure In Flight

• Mixture Idle Cut Off
• Fuel Shutoff Valve Off Pull OUT
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off
• Master Off
• Cabin heat and air Off except overhead vents
• Airspeed 100 Knots or more to create a non
  combustible fuel air mixture
• Forced Landing Refer to Forced Landing
  Checklist

88
Electrical Fire in Flight

• Master OFF
• Avionics OFF
• All Electric OFF except magnetos
• Vents/Cabin Air/Heat Closed
• Fire Extinguisher Activate if available
• If Extinguisher is activated, open all vents
  after fire is out to clear cabin
• If fire appears to be out, and electrical power
  is necessary,
• Master ON
• Circuit Breakers Check for faulty circuit
• Avionics ON, 1 system at a time with a delay in
  order to evaluate and detect the bad circuit

89
Blocked Static SourceERRONEOUS INSTRUTMENT
READING SUSPECTED

• ALTERNATE STATIC PORT OPEN
• AIRSPEED CONSULT CALIBRATION TABLE

90
Landing with a Flat Main Tire

• APPROACH NORMAL
• TOUCHDOWN
• GOOD TIRE FIRST, HOLD AIRPLANE OFF FLAT TIRE AS
  LONG AS POSSIBLE.

91
Electrical Power Malfunctions

• Ammeter shows excessive rate of charge
• Alternator OFF
• Alternator Breaker PULL
• Non-essential equipment OFF
• Flight Terminate ASAP

92
Vacuum System Failure

• Left Vacuum L VAC or Right Vacuum L VAC
  Annunciator Illuminates
• If Vacuum is not within normal limits, a failure
  has occurred.
• Partial Panel Procedures will be necessary for
  continued flight

93
Landing without Elevator Control

• Trim for level flight
• Set speed for approximately 65
• Once trimmed, do not move elevator trim.
• Control glide with power only.
• At flare-out, Power reduction will cause nose to
  drop Adjust Trim Full UP during power reduction.

94
SPIN RECOVERY

• THROTTLE IDLE
• AILERONS NEUTRAL
• RUDDER FULL OPPOSITE OF ROTATION
• CONTROL YOKE FORWARD TO BREAK STALL
• HOLD THESE CONTROL POSITIONS UNTIL ROTATION STOPS
• AS ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE RUDDER
• RECOVER FROM DIVE SMOOTHLY.

95
Section 4

• Normal Procedures

96
Before Start

• Preflight Inspection Complete
• Passenger Briefing Complete
• Seats and Belts Adjust
• Brakes Test and Set
• Electrical Equipment Off
• Avionics Off
• Fuel Selector Both
• Fuel Shutoff Valve On PUSH IN
• Circuit Breakers Check In

97
Starting Engine with battery

• Throttle Open ¼ inch
• Mixture Idle Cut-Ott
• Propeller Area Clear
• Master On
• Flashing beacon On
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump On
• Mixture Full Rich until a positive fuel flow,
  then Idle Cut-Off
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off
• Ignition Start
• Mixture Advance as Engine Starts
• Oil Pressure Check
• Navigation Lights As Required
• Avionics On
• Flaps Retract

98
Starting Engine Flooded Sart

• If Engine floods over primed perform the
  following and then complete the normal start
  checklist
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF
• Mixture Idle Cut-Off
• Throttle Open ½ to Full Throttle
• Ignition Start
• When Engine starts Mixture to Full Rich,
  Throttle to Idle Promptly.

99
Before Taxi

• This is not a Cessna Checklist, but will be
  useful in developing good habits at towered
  airports.
• ATIS Information Obtain and copy with I.D.
• Clearance Obtain and copy, READBACK
• TRANSPONDER SET Code and Select STBY
• Taxi Instructions Comply as Instructed

100
Before Takeoff

• Parking Brake Set
• Seats Upright
• Seat Belts Secure
• Doors Closed and Latched
• Flight Controls Free and Correct
• Flight Instruments Check and Set
• Fuel Quantity Check
• Mixture Full Rich
• Fuel Selector Valve Recheck Set to BOTH
• Throttle 1800
• Magnetos Check drop lt150, Diff. Max of 50
• Vacuum Gage Check
• Annunciator Panel Check
• Throttle Check IDLE
• Throttle Set to 1000 RPM ..Continued.

101
Before Takeoffcontinued

• Throttle Friction Lock Adjust
• Radios and Avionics SET
• NAV/GPS Switch SET
• Autopilot OFF
• Manual Trim Set for Takeoff
• Flaps Set for Takeoff
• TRANSPONDER ON
• Brakes Release
• TAKEOFF CLEARANCE Obtain
• TRANSPONDER ON Select ALT
• Directional Gyro Set when aligned with Runway
• Strobes and Landing Light On when taking Active
  Runway

102
Normal Takeoff

• Flaps 0 10 Degrees
• Throttle Full Open
• Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)
• Elevator Lift Nose Wheel at 55
• Climb Speed 70-80 80 Provides better Forward
  Visibility
• Flaps Retract

103
Short Field Takeoff

• Flaps 10 Degrees
• Brakes Apply
• Throttle Full Open
• Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)
• Brakes Release
• Elevator Slightly Tail Low
• Climb Speed 56 Until Obstacles Cleared
• Flaps Retract Slowly after reaching 60 knots

104
Enroute Climb

• Airspeed 70-85
• Throttle Full Open
• Mixture Rich (lean above 3000 ft)

105
Cruise

• Power Set 2100-2700 no more than 75
• Elevator Trim Adjust
• Mixture Lean For Performance Desired
• Arrival Checklist Prepare

106
Arrival(not a Cessna List)

• Arrival ATIS In Range Obtain and Copy
• Approach Control Contact Prior to 20 Miles out
• Clearance Copy and READBACK
• Descent Checklist Prepare

107
Descent

• Power As required
• Mixture Adjust, Full Rich at Idle
• Altimeter Set
• NAV/GPS Set
• Fuel Selector Valve BOTH
• Flaps As Required within Limits
• Landing Checklist Prepare

108
Normal Landing

• Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up
• Flaps As required within Limits
• Airspeed 60-70 Flaps Down
• Touchdown Main Wheels First
• Landing Roll Lower Nose Gently
• Braking Minimum Required

109
Short Field Landing

• Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up
• Flaps As required within Limits
• Airspeed 61 Flaps Down
• Touchdown Main Wheels First
• Brakes Apply Heavily
• Flaps Retract

110
Balked LandingGo Around

• Throttle FULL OPEN
• Flaps Retract to 20
• Climb Speed 60
• Flaps Retract to 10 till safe Alt.

111
After Landing

• Runway Clear and onto Taxiway
• Strobes Off
• Landing Light Off
• Transponder STBY
• Flaps Retract
• Radios Set
• Clearance Taxi instruction Parking as required

112
SecureShut Down

• Brake Set
• Avionics OFF
• Mixture Idle Cut-Off
• Ignition Off
• Master Off
• Control Lock Install
• Fuel Selector Left or Right
• Check with OPERATOR of the Aircraft regarding
  this last item.

113
Before we finish, some thoughts on Landings
114
You have seen the correct technique
Main wheels touchdown 1st
115
This is what can happen with improper
technique..
The nose wheel touches 1st, followed by Mains,
and a bounce results
116
This is what can happen with improper
technique..
A bounce occurs, and the airplane balloons up
some distance
The Pilot over-reacts, and forces the nose to the
runway
The resultant increase in velocity produces
another bounce on touchdown, and the cycle starts
again.
117
The third cycle of this phenomena is where
accidents typically occur.
The nose will contact first (again),
But the contact will likely be at such an angle
to cause Substantial damage the structure, and
result a collapsed Nose wheel assembly
This typically also causes the Propeller to
strike the ground causing damage to the Propeller
and the Engine
118
This is frequently the outcome of the second or
third bounce..
Nose wheel touches, and you bounce again.
119
When the bounce occurs, level off, and Re-Land
the Airplane normally if sufficient runway length
remains.
If in doubt, go around after the First Bounce!
120
Get the Right Picture for Landings
121
Get the Right Picture for Landings
122
Get the Right Picture for Landings
123
Get the Right Picture for Landings
124
Get the Right Picture for Landings
125
Remember, this is supposed to be fun
and sometimes its for moments like this
126
End of Session

• Remember to use the approved checklists or Pilot
  Operating Handbook