FRS 129

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FRS 129

• Sex, money and rock and roll

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Session 1 (Sept. 17)

• Assignment in advance
• Paul will find about 30-50 pages on technology
  possible sources include The Victorian Internet,
  Fischer on the Telephone, or Bijker on bicycles
• 130 -200 Hellos and introductions
• 200 230 History of technology
• Paul lecture a bit of discussion.
• 3 points (connected to Internet and reading
  example)
• 1) technology society co-evolve (people use
  technol to do what they were already doing)
• 2) need for public goods infrastructure for
  transportation/communications infrastructure
• 3) communication technologies tend to be network
  goods example (Kazaa) and implications

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Session 1 (Sept. 17) (cont.)

• 230-300 Computer and Internet technology in
  particularly David lecture
• 3 points
• 1) Moores law
• 2) Network simplicity (TCP/IP Protocol)
• 3) digitalization (inc. Kazaa)
• 300-315 break
• 315-345 David will take apart a live computer

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Session 1 (Sept. 17) (cont.)

• 345-415 David, I think this was actually
  going to be the Internet technology discussion we
  reassigned to the next week, but it occurred to
  me that given that this is being sponsored by
  UCHV, we really should spend some time the first
  day putting up front the value implications of
  choices people make about how the Internet will
  develop. Id be happy to lead this discussion,
  with the understanding that (a) I dont know
  anything about values, so you would take an
  active role and (b) wed mostly encourage the
  students to talk what do you think?
• 415-420 How to make your own personal home
  page

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About Computers
A computer is a box
The box has the ability to send information
The information can be received by another
computer
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What makes computers interesting

• Reconfigurability
• Automobile, refrigerator, toaster, washer in one
• Useful
• Can store and operate on information
• Can communicate
• Ubiquitous
• desktop, laptop, handheld, cell phone,
• over a billion sold

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What makes computers interesting

• Reconfigurability
• Automobile, refrigerator, toaster, washer in one
  (programmable)
• Useful
• Can store (RAM, disk, CD, DVD, ) and operate on
  information (CPU)
• Can communicate (Ethernet, modem, , TCP/IP,
  ...)
• Ubiquitous
• desktop, laptop, handheld, cell phone, digital
  camera,
• over a billion sold

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What makes computers interesting

• Information can be made digital
• Communication can be made simple
• They keep getting cheaper.

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What makes computers interesting

• Information can be made digital
• pdf, mp3, avi, jpg, gif,
• Fourier (DSP), Shannon (bit), MPEG, JPEG,
• Communication can be made simple
• TCP/IP
• They keep getting cheaper.
• Moores Law

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Trick question

• A friend has a problem that will take 100 CPU
  years to solve. If we start our computer solving
  it, how long will it take until we have the
  solution?

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Trick question

• A friend has a problem that will take 100 CPU
  years to solve. If we start our computer solving
  it, how long will it take until we have the
  solution?
• 9.1 years

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How can 9.1 years be 100 years?

• Moores Law!!!

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What is Moores Law

• Transistor density changes by a factor of 2 every
  18 months.
• Stated in 1965, expected to last to 1975, still
  true (at variable rates)
• Applies to everything
• Memory size
• Disk storage capacity
• Price (goes down by factor of 2) for fixed size

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Moore and his law
Gordon Moore h00
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Moores Law in practice

• First 18 months -- 1.5 CPU years

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Moores Law in practice

• First 18 months -- 1.5 CPU years
• Next 18 months -- 3 CPU years (4.5 CPU yrs/3 yrs)

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Moores Law in practice

• First 18 months -- 1.5 CPU years
• Next 18 months -- 3 CPU years (4.5 CPU yrs/3 yrs)
• Next 18 months -- 6 CPU years (10.5 CPU yrs/4.5
  yrs)

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Moores Law in practice

• First 18 months -- 1.5 CPU years
• Next 18 months -- 3 CPU years (4.5 CPU yrs/3 yrs)
• Next 18 months -- 6 CPU years (10.5 CPU yrs/4.5
  yrs)
• Next 18 months -- 12 CPU years (22.5 CPU yrs/6
  yrs)
• Next 18 months -- 24 CPU years (46.5 CPU yrs/7.5
  yrs)
• Next 18 Months -- 48 CPU years (94.5 CPU yrs/9
  yrs)
• Next 18 Months -- 96 CPU years
• 5.5 CPU years in 1 month (100 CPU yrs/9.1 yrs)

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Information Bits and Bytes

• Machine room (now cocktail party) chatter
• My machine has 256 megabytes of RAM
• My disk holds 10 gigs
• I have DSL, it runs at 500 Kb/sec
• What does all of this mean??

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Bits and Bytes

• 1 bit can hold either a 1 or a 0
• 2 bits can hold 2 of these
• 00 or 01 or 10 or 11
• 0 or 1 or 2 or 3
• 8 bits hold
• 8 0s or 8 1s or various mixtures
• 256 different values.

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Bits and Bytes (cont.)

• 8 bits make one byte
• The alphabet has 128 characters
• Including a-z, A-Z, 0-9,
• \-_)!(?,./_at_
• various meta characters

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Powers of 2

• Some rough numbers
• 210 ? 1,000 (103 ) kilo
• 220 ? 1,000,000 (106 ) mega
• 230 ? 109 giga
• 240 ? 1012 tera
• 250 ? 1015 peta
• 260 ? 1018 exa

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Powers of 2

• What fits there
• 103 kilo
• 106 mega a book, a photograph
• 109 giga a movie
• 1012 tera LoC (text)
• 1015 peta LoC (scans)
• 1018 exa everything

A book is about a megabyte, so about a million
characters.
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Powers of 2

• Where we store it
• 103 kilo
• 106 mega RAM
• 109 giga disk, CD, DVD
• 1012 tera BIG disk
• 1015 peta BIG disks (soon)
• 1018 exa BIG disks (10 years)

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How does information become bits and bytes?

• Information (e.g. music, images, movies) is
  analog
• Analog signals can be digitized
• Digital signals can be stored.
• Many steps missing here (to be revisited)

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Communications modes

• Email
• I send something to your server
• You get it from your server
• Chat
• We both send messages to a server at the same
  time
• Web
• I interact with something you put on the server
• Shared Files
• I use things that are on your disk
• Shared CPUs
• I run a program on your CPU

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The underlying idea

• No matter what your machine is, no matter how it
  communicates to its local user, no matter what
  hardware it involves, no matter what software it
  runs,
• It must obey certain common conventions if it
  wants to communicate

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The underlying idea

• Uniform conventions
• For sending information on the wire
• For naming machines
• For naming parts of machines
• For performing communications

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The underlying idea

• Uniform conventions
• For sending information on the wire
• TCP
• For naming machines
• IP
• For naming parts of machines
• ftp, telnet, http,
• For performing communications

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Names

• Im dpd_at_cs.princeton.edu
• Im also dpd_at_219.CSBldg.PU.NJ.USA
• You used to be
• Yourname_at_aol.com
• Yourname_at_hotmail.com
• How did we communicate?

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2 levels to communication

• Routing (IP)
• How do you get there
• Information transmission (TCP)
• What do you send

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TCP/IP
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The Internet

• I live in a LAN (local area network)
• cs.princeton.edu
• princeton.edu
• My LAN has an ISP (internet service provider)
  that is the core of the WAN (wide area network)
• ATT
• Sprintlink
• Level3
• Qwest
• Verio

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Simple task email to your uncle

• Pick up the mail
• Connect from your LAN to your ISP
• Connect from your ISP to his ISP
• Connect from his ISP to his LAN
• Deliver the mail

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Getting to my uncle

• traceroute to sfo.com (209.159.128.200), 30 hops
  max, 38 byte packets
• 1 aegis (128.112.168.6) 0.676 ms 0.563 ms
  0.560 ms
• 2 csgate.CS.Princeton.EDU (128.112.152.1)
  1.521 ms 1.358 ms 1.267 ms
• 3 vgate1.Princeton.EDU (128.112.128.114) 1.328
  ms 1.064 ms 1.083 ms
• 4 tcggate.Princeton.EDU (128.112.60.11) 1.191
  ms 1.170 ms 1.243 ms
• 5 12.124.192.5 (12.124.192.5) 4.507 ms 2.823
  ms 2.830 ms
• 6 gbr2-p50.phlpa.ip.att.net (12.123.137.10)
  4.796 ms 9.556 ms 6.775 ms
• 7 gbr4-p40.wswdc.ip.att.net (12.122.2.85)
  6.794 ms 6.767 ms 7.673 ms
• 8 ggr1-p370.wswdc.ip.att.net (12.123.9.53)
  8.250 ms 5.926 ms 6.453 ms
• 9 dca-brdr-02.inet.qwest.net (205.171.1.137)
  5.628 ms 5.560 ms 6.109 ms
• 10 dca-core-02.inet.qwest.net (205.171.9.57)
  5.709 ms 6.110 ms 6.129 ms
• 11 sjo-core-03.inet.qwest.net (205.171.5.140)
  78.711 ms 78.773 ms 78.418 ms
• 12 sjo-edge-08.inet.qwest.net (205.171.22.129)
  78.532 ms 78.924 ms 78.576 ms
• 13 63.237.208.126 (63.237.208.126) 79.557 ms
  79.393 ms 79.683 ms
• 14 csc6501r.oak.mdsg-pacwest.com (63.93.97.4)
  80.214 ms 80.071 ms 80.195 ms
• 15 66-52-130-86.oak.mdsg-pacwest.com
  (66.52.130.86) 81.198 ms 81.221 ms 82.021 ms
• 16 roxy.sfo.com (209.159.128.200) 82.879 ms
  80.973 ms 80.838 ms

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Getting to my uncle leaving PU

• traceroute to sfo.com (209.159.128.200), 30 hops
  max, 38 byte packets
• 1 aegis (128.112.168.6) 0.676 ms 0.563 ms
  0.560 ms
• 2 csgate.CS.Princeton.EDU (128.112.152.1)
  1.521 ms 1.358 ms 1.267 ms
• 3 vgate1.Princeton.EDU (128.112.128.114) 1.328
  ms 1.064 ms 1.083 ms
• 4 tcggate.Princeton.EDU (128.112.60.11) 1.191
  ms 1.170 ms 1.243 ms
• 5 12.124.192.5 (12.124.192.5) 4.507 ms 2.823
  ms 2.830 ms
• 12.124.192.5 is our link to att.net

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Getting to my uncle in my ISP

• 6 gbr2-p50.phlpa.ip.att.net (12.123.137.10)
  4.796 ms 9.556 ms 6.775 ms
• 7 gbr4-p40.wswdc.ip.att.net (12.122.2.85)
  6.794 ms 6.767 ms 7.673 ms
• 8 ggr1-p370.wswdc.ip.att.net (12.123.9.53)
  8.250 ms 5.926 ms 6.453 ms
• Signal leaves Princeton, goes to Philadelphia and
  then to Washington, DC

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After the handoff

• 9 dca-brdr-02.inet.qwest.net (205.171.1.137)
  5.628 ms 5.560 ms 6.109 ms
• 10 dca-core-02.inet.qwest.net (205.171.9.57)
  5.709 ms 6.110 ms 6.129 ms
• 11 sjo-core-03.inet.qwest.net (205.171.5.140)
  78.711 ms 78.773 ms 78.418 ms
• 12 sjo-edge-08.inet.qwest.net (205.171.22.129)
  78.532 ms 78.924 ms 78.576 ms
• Signal crosses the country in his ISP

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Local traffic to my uncle

• 13 63.237.208.126 (63.237.208.126) 79.557 ms
  79.393 ms 79.683 ms
• 14 csc6501r.oak.mdsg-pacwest.com (63.93.97.4)
  80.214 ms 80.071 ms 80.195 ms
• 15 66-52-130-86.oak.mdsg-pacwest.com
  (66.52.130.86) 81.198 ms 81.221 ms 82.021 ms
• 16 roxy.sfo.com (209.159.128.200) 82.879 ms
  80.973 ms 80.838 ms

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Sidebar on speed

• Crossing the country
• 10 dca-core-02.inet.qwest.net (205.171.9.57)
  5.709 ms 6.110 ms 6.129 ms
• 11 sjo-core-03.inet.qwest.net (205.171.5.140)
  78.711 ms 78.773 ms 78.418 ms
• Takes 73.002 ms to get from Washington to San
  Jose
• Distance from Washington to San Jose is 2421
  miles
• Light needs . 0130161290 seconds to travel that
  distance
• Our signal goes there and back
• 1 way takes .036501 seconds
• System is running at about 35 of its ultimate
  limit

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What do the numbers mean

• IP (Internet Protocol) numbers
• a.b.c.d where each of a,b,c,d is a byte (number
  0-255)
• Unique identifiers
• May correspond to names.
• Numbers more accurate
• Can build subnets by fixing upper bytes
• In the address 192.114.36.91
• 192.114.36 is the host's subnet identifier
• 91 is the host's number on that subnet

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Who manages this?

• Internet Corp. for Assigned Names and Numbers
  (ICANN)
• Formed in October 1998,
• non-profit, private-sector corporation
• broad coalition of the Internet's business,
  technical, academic, and user communities.
• recognized by the U.S. and other governments as
  the global consensus entity to coordinate the
  technical management of the Internet's domain
  name system, the allocation of IP address space,
  the assignment of protocol parameters, and the
  management of the root server system.
• funded through the many registries and registrars
  that comprise the global domain name and Internet
  addressing systems.
• ICANN's mandate is not to "run the Internet."
  Rather, it is to oversee the management of only
  those specific technical managerial and policy
  development tasks that require central
  coordination the assignment of the Internet's
  unique name and number identifiers.

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Is it enough?

• a.b.c.d
• 256x256x256x256 4 billion addresses
• New scheme (IPv6)
• Will have 340 billion billion billion billion

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Growth in number of hosts
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WWW Growth
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First Lab

• Reachable from www.frs129.org
• Due in 2 weeks
• Make substantial progress by next week
• Do it where you want
• Help Friend Center 105
• MTW 730-1030
• MT 130-430
• Can use Friend Center or any other machine

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How to make your own personal home page

• UNIX vs Windows
• Windows vs. windows
• Shells
• File systems
• H drive
• Tools
• ssh,
• Markup Language
• html vs. http

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Pitfalls in the assignment

• Save your work as index.html
• Save your work to the right place
• To public_html on H
• When you make a change and save
• Hit refresh on the browser
• If it doesnt work
• Think harder
• Take a break and come back (but save work first)
• Look in non-obvious places
• Send me mail (dpd_at_frs129.org)