Preview

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Independence in Latin America

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Early Struggles in Latin America
• Independence in Mexico
• Map Independence in Latin America
• Revolutionary Leaders in South America
• Faces of History Two Revolutionary Leaders
• Quick Facts Causes and Effects of Revolution in
  Latin America

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Independence in Latin America
Main Idea Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin
America as colonies fought for independence from
Europe.

• Reading Focus
• How did early struggles in Latin America affect
  Haiti and other colonies?
• What events led to independence in Mexico?
• Who were the key revolutionary leaders in South
  America, and what did they achieve?

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Early Struggles in Latin America
The Enlightenment and the American and French
revolutions inspired some in Latin America to
seek greater freedom.
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Napoleon Concerned

• French emperor Napoleon worried about revolt in
  Hispaniola
• Sent French general to take control of colony
  away from Toussaint
• Island forces struggled for months
• 1802, Toussaint agreed to armistice
• French broke agreement, sent him to prison
  Toussaint died there, 1803
• Fight for independence continued
• 1804, revolutionaries declared independence
• Named new nation Haiti

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Colonies of Spain and Portugal

• Another Kind of Independence
• 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America
  Portugal governed Brazil
• In the 1700s Spanish kings had made improvements
  in colonies, building roads, regulating trade
  colonies grew in wealth and prosperity

• Education and New Ideas
• Wealth gave some in Latin America access to
  education, new ideas
• Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment
  philosophers, learned about revolutions in
  France, America

• Tensions Growing
• Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles,
  people of European descent born in colonies, and
  peninsulares, colonists born in Spain
• Similar distinction between Brazilian-born,
  Portuguese-born colonists

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Growing Tensions
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Sequence How did Haiti win independence from
France?
Answer(s) A rebellion of slaves and mulattoes
became a revolution against France after Napoleon
tried to take power from the revolutionary leader
Toussaint L'Ouverture.
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Independence in Mexico
Napoleons conquest of Spain was the spark for
independence in the colony of New Spain, as
Mexico was known at the time. Mexico was a
Spanish colony with a mixture of creoles,
peninsulares, Indians, and people of mixed race.
Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of
Mexican Independence.
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• Morelos Continues the Revolution
• After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest,
  Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of
  revolutionary movement
• Organized Mexican congress, representatives from
  many places
• Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian,
  mixed or creole, to be called Americans

• Independent Republic
• Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent
  republic with guaranteed freedoms
• Strong military leader, took control of parts of
  Mexico for independence movement
• Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by
  Spanish authorities

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A Creole King for Mexico

• Iturbide to Lead Fight
• Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain
  some were royalists
• 1820, Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final
  battle against revolutionaries
• Spanish authorities believed he could end Mexican
  independence movement

• Switching Sides
• Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in
  Spain might take away some of his power decided
  to switch sides, fight for Mexican
  revolutionaries
• Made three-part proposal to leader of revolution

• Iturbides Proposal
• Mexico would gain independence but be ruled by
  monarch
• Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights
• Roman Catholic Church would be official church of
  Mexico

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• Different Proposal
• Iturbides independence proposal different from
  ideas of Hidalgo, Morelos
• After ten years of fighting, the compromise
  brought together many different groups creoles
  and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists

• Independence
• Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops
  joined Iturbide to win independence
• In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain
• That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its
  emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico

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Compare and Contrast How were the goals of
Hidalgo, Morelos, and Iturbide different, and how
were they similar?
Answer(s) Hidalgo wanted the peasants to revolt
against the peninsulares, not against Spain
Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an
"American" identity to unify all people born in
Mexico Iturbide wanted to create an independent
monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal
rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the
official church of Mexico
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Revolutionary Leaders in South America

• Inspiration
• Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, America, France
  inspired leaders in South America
• Independence movements began to form, leaders
  emerged

• Simon Bolivar
• Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South
  American independence movement
• Known as the Liberator

• Venezuelan Roots
• Bolivar born into wealthy creole family, often
  traveled to Europe
• Admired Napoleons leadership in Rome, pledged
  to liberate South America

• Independence
• 1811, Venezuela declared independence from Spain
• Bolivar led military campaigns against Spanish
  for 10 years, defeated Spanish 1821

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Bolivars Dream

• Bolivar had dream for newly independent South
  America
• Wanted to form one large, united country called
  Federation of the Andes
• Dream never became reality
• Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included
  what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador
• Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru,
  Bolivia, other places
• Bolivar complained America is ungovernable

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José de San Martin

• José de San Martin fought for independence from
  Spain in south
• San Martin had fought against Napoleon in Spain
• Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned
  country rising up against Spanish rule
  eventually led independence movement in Argentina
  and most of southern South America

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Pedro I
The story of independence was a bit different in
the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
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Contrast In what ways was the independence
movement in Brazil different from independence
movements elsewhere in South America?
Answer(s) Brazil won independence more smoothly
and without violence.