Preview

1
Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Monarchy of Ivan IV
• Peter the Great
• Faces of History Peter the Great
• Catherine the Great
• Map The Expansion of Russia

2
Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

• Preview, continued
• Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe
• Map Central Europe
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of Spains Golden Century

3
Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
Main Idea The czars of Russia struggled with the
westernization of their empire, while powerful
families battled for control of Central Europe.

• Reading Focus
• How did Ivan IV strengthen the Russian monarchy?
• What reforms did Peter the Great make in Russia?
• How did the rule of Catherine the Great affect
  Russia?
• What states formed in Central Europe in the 1600s
  and 1700s?

4
The Monarchy of Ivan IV

• In the 1500s Russia far behind western Europe in
  technical advancement and centralized government
• Russia run by church officials and boyars, or
  landowners
• Had conservative viewpoints

As a result of such achievements, the years from
1547 to 1563 are known as Ivans good period.
5

• Ivan the Terrible
• During 1560s, Ivan changed
• Strict policies, violent actions sealed
  reputation as Ivan the Terrible
• Suspicious of closest advisors sent them away,
  killed supporters
• Was convinced wife was murdered, people
  conspiring against him

• Private Police Force
• Created private police force to investigate,
  punish opposition
• Men dressed in black, rode black horses
• Controlled almost half of Russias territory in
  Ivans name
• Brutally punished anyone who spoke out against
  czars policies

6
Last Years of Ivan
7
Contrast How did the early rule of Ivan IV
differ from his later years?
Answer(s) early years marked by many reforms
that strengthened the government later years
marked by suspicion, creation of royal police,
terror
8
Peter the Great
About 70 years later, Peter I crowned czar.
Became known as Peter the Great for his efforts
to transform Russia into a modern state.
9
Modernization and Reform

• Westernization
• Peter realized country needed to modernize to
  catch up with rest of Europe
• Wanted westernization to bring elements of
  Western culture to Russia
• 1697, journeyed to western Europe to see what
  Russia needed to modernize

• New Skills
• Peter traveled in disguise, was sometimes
  recognized anyway
• Learned hands-on skills, especially shipbuilding
• Recruited European experts to bring skills to
  Russia

• Rebellion
• Trip cut short by rebellion of streltsy, military
  corps with political influence
• Thought streltsy wanted sister on throne had
  members tortured, executed
• Disbanded streltsy, organized more modern army

10
Reforms

• In addition to modernizing army, Peter made many
  other reforms
• Brought church under state control
• Built up Russian industry
• Started first newspaper in Russia
• Sponsored new schools
• Modernized calendar, promoted officials on
  service, not social status

11
(No Transcript)
12
St. Petersburg

• Peter also founded a new city
• Early 1700s, fought Sweden to acquire warm-water
  port
• Other ports choked by ice much of year
• Port farther south on Baltic Sea to keep Russia
  open to western trade all year, connect Russia to
  west
• On land won from Sweden, Peter built new capital,
  St. Petersburg
• Russias government moved to new city
• Featured Western-style architecture

13
Recall Name three ways in which Peter the Great
attempted to westernize Russia.
Answer(s) by encouraging men to shave off their
beards, encouraging people to adopt European
styles of dress, building a new capital with
Western-style architecture
14
Catherine the Great
Russias next important ruler was actually a
German princess who came to Russia to marry a
grandson of Peter the Great. She became known as
Catherine the Great.
15
Challenges to Catherines Rule

• Conflicts
• Catherine tried to reform Russia, was distracted
  by conflict
• Faced war in Poland, where people wanted freedom
  from Russian influence
• 1768, Ottoman Empire joined Polish cause

• War and Rebellion
• Eventually won war, took over half of Poland,
  territory on Black Sea
• While war raging, Catherine faced popular
  rebellion inside Russia
• Man claiming to be Peter III traveled
  countryside, leading ragtag army

• Strengthening the Monarchy
• In the end, man captured, beheaded, rebellion put
  down
• Rebellion convinced Catherine she needed to
  strengthen monarchy in rural areas put local
  governments in hands of landowners, nobles

16
(No Transcript)
17
Analyze What was one way that Catherine showed
she was an absolute monarch?
Answer(s) possible answershe strengthened the
monarchy's authority in rural areas
18
Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe

• 1500s, 1600s
• Central European rulers never became absolute
  monarchs
• Holy Roman Empire headed by single emperor, but
  did not have total authority

• Imperial Power
• Holy Roman Empire included dozens of small states
• Each had own ruler who fought vigorously against
  increased imperial power

• Hapsburg Family
• Since 1450s, all Holy Roman Emperors came from
  single familythe Hapsburgs
• 1600s, Thirty Years War began

• Continent-Wide Affair
• Attempt by Hapsburg emperor to exert authority
  launched war
• Alliances between Hapsburgs, other European
  monarchs, made war continent-wide affair

19
The Thirty Years War

• Catholics against Protestants
• War began as religious dispute
• 1618, official representing Holy Roman Emperor
  Ferdinand II, a Catholic, ordered two Protestant
  churches in Prague be shut down

• Religious Revolt
• Local Protestants furious, threw emperors
  representatives out palace windows onto rubbish
  heap
• Emperors attempt to control religion sparked
  revolt throughout region

• Rebellion Grew
• Nobles from 2 German states rebelled against
  emperor nobles from other states soon joined
  them
• Rulers of other countries became involved as well

20

• Choosing Sides
• Monarchs of Spain, also members of Hapsburg
  family, joined war on Ferdinands side
• King of France, Spains rival, joined Protestant
  opposition
• Kings of Denmark, Sweden also joined on
  Protestant side

• Treaty and Toleration
• War dragged on until 1648, had devastating
  effects on Germany
• Two sides agreed to Treaty of Westphalia to end
  war
• Treaty extended religious toleration to both
  Catholics, Protestants
• Also reduced even more the power of the Holy
  Roman Emperor
• Strengthened rulers of states within it

21
Austria and Prussia
Among the rulers who gained the most from the
Treaty of Westphalia were the leaders of Austria
and Prussia. Austria was governed by the Hapsburg
family, while Prussias rulers came from a rival
family, the Hohenzollerns.
Frederick promised Maria Theresa to help her
husband become the Holy Roman Emperor.
22
Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe

• Maria Theresa turned Fredericks offer down, War
  of Austrian Succession broke out, 1740
• Spain, France, two German states entered war on
  Prussias side
• Each hoped to gain territory
• 1748, with so much against her, Maria Theresa
  asked for peace
• Prussia kept Silesia, putting Prussia in position
  of real power

23
Continued Rivalry
24
(No Transcript)
25
Recall What were three wars that affected
Central Europe?
Answer(s) Thirty Years War, War of the Austrian
Succession, Seven Years War
26
(No Transcript)
27
VideoThe Impact of Spains Golden Century
Click above to play the video.